Culturally Induced Tooth Wear Patterns In Prehistoric Canadian West Coast People - Jerome S. Cybulski (1973)
This paper presents dental evidence for culturally induced patterns of tooth wear in precontact skeletons of the Prince Rupert Harbour region, British Columbia. In historic times the area was inhabited by the Coast Tsimshian. Two unrelated types of tooth wear were observed over and above that produced by the processes of mastication. In the mandibles of 12 people, including both sexes, the labial surfaces of anterior tooth crowns were polished. The dentine had been exposed in several instances. These wear patterns could be ascribed to the abrasive action of a stone labret. The second type of wear was evidenced by thin linear grooves on the occlusal surfaces of anterior teeth in five mandibles. All bone were those of females. This type of wear may have resulted from using the teeth to soften cedar bark fibres for the weaving of blankets. Among the historic Tsimshian, this art was the exclusive property of women.

Physical anthropology at Owikeno Lake, 1975 - Jerome S. Cybulski (Bulletin, 1975)

Accessing the past: Sharing the University of Manitoba's archaeological collections with the public - Ashleigh Czyrnyj (2008)
Archaeological materials are studied, preserved and curated by professionals in trust for the general public; however public access to the results of this work in Canada remains limited. While museums have begun to employ the Internet to provide increased access to their collections, this practice has yet to be embraced by other institutions and organizations housing archaeological materials. This paper discusses the considerations that went into making a subset of the archaeological collections housed at the University of Manitoba available online to the general public and the public response to this effort thus far.

Palaeoethnobotany of Later Jomon and Earliest Yayoi Cultures of Northeastern Aomori Prefecture, Northeastern Japan - A. Catherine D'ANDREA (1992)
This research focuses on prehistoric subsistence and the development of farming in northeastern Japan. Archaeobotanical sampling was carried out in Aomori prefecture at sites dating to the Middle Jomon Period, ca. 3000-2500 B.C.; the Tokoshinai I and IV phases of the Late Jomon, ca. 2500-1000 B.C.; and, to the Fukurashima phase of the Tohoku Yayoi, ca. 150 B.C. Distributional analyses of plant remains recovered from pithouse floors and other contexts are undertaken, and it is demonstrated that archaeobotanical remains can reflect the depositional history of these features. Plant remains recovered from the Late Middle Jomon Tominosawa site suggest a focus on weed seed procurement, similar to contemporary sites found nearby on the southwestern portion of the island of Hokkaido. The Kazahari site produced evidence of Tokoshinai IV phase rice and foxtail and broomcom millet dating to 2540±240B.P. (TO-2202). Sampling of later Fukurashima phase contexts at Kazahari produced evidence of rice, foxtail and broomcom millet, Japanese bamyard millet, and hemp. These data demonstrate that rice and millets were present in northeastern Aomori since the Tokoshinai IV phase, and that mixed farming systems were in place during later Fukurashima phase occupations. Ecological and ethnographic evidence is used to postulate that farming may have been present in northeastern Aomori at a time shortly after the first known occurrence of rice in southwestern Japan. This observation implies that the movement north of rice farming may not have been greatly affected by cultural and ecological factors. The processes involved in the development and diffusion of farming into northeastern Japan are sotnewhat comparable to those evidenced in other temperate regions.

Highland Farmers of Northern Ethiopia: Models for Palaeoethnobotany - A. Catherine D'ANDREA; D.E. LYONS; N. JACKMAN; Mitiku HAILE; E.A. BUTLER (1998)
This paper reports on preliminary results of a joint Simon Fraser University-Mekelle University College ethnoarchaeological project underway in the highlands of northeastern Ethiopia. The work is based at a small farming village located about 20 km northwest of Mekelle in south-central Tigrai. Investigations are focusing on non-mechanised farming practices that may relate to the nature and development of prehistoric agrarian societies in the region. Field studies are utilising interviews and direct observation to document crop processing of selected cereals and legumes in an effort to examine the effects of these activities on the composition of archaeobotanical assemblages. In addition, observations on domestic architecture, craft production, as well as refuse disposal patterns are being conducted to aid in the interpretation of site formation processes. Plant husbandry and crop processing activities are placed into a broader cultural context by examining the socio-economic organisation of Adi Ainawalid, based on household studies.

DISPERSAL OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS INTO NORTHEASTERN JAPAN - A. Catherine D'ANDREA (1996)
Recent archaeobotanical research in northeastern Japan has demonstrated the presence of buckwheat, millets, rice and other domesticates in Jomon contexts. In this paper it is argued that the introduction of domesticated plants may not have caused major changes in Jomon subsistence. It is further suggested that rice dispersed into northeastern Japan independently of wet-paddy technology, and its spread may not have been significantly slowed by cultural and ecological factors. Instead, the character of later Jomon settlement and subsistence in the northeast may have facilitated the introduction of wet-paddy rice agriculture.

Towards an Understanding of the Chalcolithic Chipped Stone Industry in Cyprus : The Ayios Savvas Material - Cesare D'ANNIBALE (1993)
It is generally accepted that expediently utilized chert flakes are characteristic of the Cypriot Chalcolithic chipped stone industry. Despite the ubiquitous nature of this informal tool type it has not been integrated in Ethic assemblage studies. Simple flake production has been neglected while classic formal tools, such as scrapers and blades, have been highlighted for their level of technological requirement. Considering that nearly half of all chipped stone at Ayios Savvas was utilized a reassessment of the relative importance of formal tools is needed. An industry primarily based on simple flake production has not warranted serious consideration and subsequently has been regarded as degenerating. The Ayios Savvas assemblage however demonstrates that this is not the case but an adaptive formalized technological response to changing socio-economic strategies.

Renewed Excavation at an Archaic Site in Central Maine - Snow D.R. (1969)
New excavations were undertaken at the Hathaway site, Passadumkeag, Maine, in the summer, of 1968. The site had been excavated twice before (by Moorehead in 1912 and by Hadlock and Stern in 1947), but nevertheless it was regarded as being potentially most useful for the renewed investigation of the Archaic Stage in Maine generally and the Moorehead Cemetery Complex in particular. A total of four burial types were discovered, only one of which was previously known at this site. One new example was a large pit containing the remains of an extended burial. Another was a partial cremation in which about half the original skeletal material was unexpectedly preserved. An adjacent and coeval habitation site was also located. Artifacts from previous excavations have been assembled, thus making possible the first comprehensive report of an Archaic Stage cemetery in northern New England and the Maritimes.

Towards a Greater Understanding of the Prehistory of Frontenac County: The Frontenac County Inventory - Daechsel, Hugh J. (1989)
Over the past 2 years the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation has been developing an inventory of archaeological sites in Frontenac County, which is situated at the northeastern end of Lake Ontario. The inventory is primarily designed to provide a basis from which more specifically focused research projects can be undertaken in an area the prehistory of which is still poorly understood. The initial results of the inventory provide for a range in prehistoric cultural occupations extending from Late Palaeo-Indian to Late Woodland on sites distributed in association with Lake Ontario and the inland drainage systems encompassed by the County. Some of the identified sites including Armstrong, Belle Island and Page hold considerable potential for understanding the pre-Iroquoian cultural development in eastern Ontario.

Origins of Sedentism on the Western Plateau: Evidence from the Baker Site (EdQx 43) / Origines de la sédentarité sur le plateau de l&#03 - DAHLSTROM, Bruce (1997)
Archaeological excavations were conducted by I. R. Wilson Consultants in 1991, 1994 and 1995 at the Baker Site EdQx 43 near Kamloops, British Columbia as part of proposed improvements to the Trans-Canada Highway. These excavations revealed several intact house pits and associated artifacts and faunal remains dating to between 4,200 and 4,400 BP making them the oldest recorded house pits in the interior of British Columbia. This site has important implications for cultural chronology, sedentism, and cultural complexity in the British Columbia Interior.

Appendix II: NOGAP Bibliography - Compiled By R. Jane Dale; Jean-Luc Pilon (CAA Occasional Paper No. 1, 1991)

Arctic Odyssey: The Diary of Diamond Jenness, 1913–1916 - David Damas (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

The Tsiigehnjik Ethnoarchaeology Project: Excavations at Martin Zheh - DAMKJAR, Eric (1999)
Since its inception in 1992, the Gwich'in Social and Cultural Institute has worked to 'document, preserve and promote the practice of Gwich'in culture, language, traditional knowledge, and values.' Excavations at Martin Zheh brought these elements together at a multi-component site on the banks of the Tsiigehnjik (Arctic Red River), a major tributary of the lower Mackenzie River. Here, Gwichya Gwich'in Elders and youth came together as partners in heritage conservation, sharing traditional knowledge and archaeological discovery. Five occupation layers at MeTp-4 span the past two centuries, a significant period in Gwichya Gwich'in history which saw the introduction of trading posts, firearms, missions, disease, and, eventually, permanent communities. This paper provides an overview of the archaeology of MeTp-4 and examines some of the temporal changes in traditional and Euro-Canadian artifacts and faunal assemblages, in historical context.

Life histories of some northwest coast celts - Damkjar, E. (1981)
A collection of ground stone celts from 3 late prehistoric sites in the Bella Coola region is analyzed. The morphological variation seen in this collection is explained in terms of a life history model correlating changing morphology and function through time. The collection includes intact specimens, designed to bc hafted, as well as heavily battered and splintered specimens reduced in a bipolar fashion to produce flakes suitable for use as Cutting Tools.

Late Dorset Longhouses : a Look Inside - DAMKJAR, Eric (2000)
A distinctive feature of the Late Dorset period is the use of large dwelling structures , up to 45 m in length and elongate in form, which have come to be known as longhouses. Often located in ecological oases, these sites conjure an image of many families living communally, enjoying the bounty of the land, partaking in ceremonies and rituals led by a shaman. This view is based primarily on the grand size of the structures, the presence of rows of aligned hearths, and the rich environments in which they tend to be located - in other words, the big picture. Less attention has been paid to the smaller details- artifacts, manufacturing debris, faunal remains, spatial distributions. Do these sources of data support the big picture? For what activities is there direct evidence? What can we infer about economic strategies and seasonality? How do these sites compare with other Late Dorset occupations? In this paper, I examine a variety of data sources in an attempt to fill in the big picture a little and identify gaps in our understanding. I will rely primarily on three longhouse sites from Creswell Bay, Somerset Island, but will also draw on other published data.

An Unusual Pit Feature at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta - DAMKJAR, Eric (1998)
Mitigative excavations at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (HSI) have revealed a large and unusual pit feature located in the processing area, well below the kill-site. This conical pit, over a metre in depth, contained 927 identifiable bison bone specimens, including articulated joints, several skull portions, and bones from one or more extremely large bison. The 46 artifacts fall into upper and lower groupings. The upper group includes a typical assortment of HSI lithics such as projectile points, an end scraper, modified flakes and cores. The lower group is made up of 19 sherds of a single pottery vessel, two ochre-painted bones, and two spatulate objects made from bison mandibles. A suite of radio-carbon dates indicates an (uncalibrated) age of 1250 ± 50 B.P. and the artifacts suggest an Avonlea affiliation. The shape and contents of this pit are unique and there is no obvious functional interpretation. A ceremonial association is suggested.

PRE-DORSET BOULDER FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY IN NUNAVIK - Gendron Daniel (1991)
A collaborative salvage project was undertaken in 1990 by the Avataq Cultural Institute and the Cree Regional Authority at the GhGk-4 site, a Pre-Dorset boulder field site near Kuujjuarapik/Whapmagoostui, southeastern Hudson Bay. Project activities were centred on the excavation of four semi-subterranean dwellings of varying form and two tent rings. The excavations yielded a total of 4,650 lithic specimens. The tool assemblage, comprising 232 artifacts, is dominated by burins, burin spalls, microblades and projectile points of several varieties. The excavation results and the implications of the project regarding boulder field archaeology in Nunavik are described and discussed.

Thule Seal Hunting Techniques: A Practical Application of Mortality Profiles - Danielson, Robert A. (1993)
Thule Eskimo hunting techniques will be examined through the analysis of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) mortality patterns. These patterns are based on canines recovered from five Thule semisubterranean winter houses located at Hazard Inlet, Somerset Island, in the Central Canadian Arctic. Dental annuli studies on these canines provide a mortality profile of an archaeological population. Using ringed seal behaviour and ethnographical accounts of Inuit seal hunting, variations of similarities between the archaeological and modern seal age profiles provide evidence of past hunting techniques.

A Taphonomic Examination of Late Dorset Faunal Remains on Little Cornwallis Island, N. W. T - DARWENT, Christyann M. (1994)
During the 1992 and 1993 field seasons, the McDougall Sound Archaeological Research Project undertook an analysis of the Late Dorset site of Tasiarulik (QjJx-10) on Little Cornwallis Island in the Central High Arctic. Due to permitting difficulties, the 1992 field season involved an intensive examination of the cultural materials exposed on the surface. The surface faunal remains were mapped and identified in situ and have allowed for an examination of the spatial distribution of the bone across die site. In the following field season excavation proceeded on a number of semi-subterranean houses, tent rings, and middens, with a subsequent analysis of the collected faunal remains. In the past, faunal studies did not normally constitute a significant part of a High Arctic project. Bone element mapping of the surface remains has allowed for a unique opportunity to examine the horizontal variation in species and element representation, along with bone deterioration and modification. This paper will focus on the taphonomic processes which have created and altered the surface and sub-surface faunal assemblages at Tasiarulik, and present an assessment of the relationship between these two data sets.

Archaeological Survey at 78 Degrees North: Investigations in Inglefield Land, Northwestern Greenland - Darwent, Christyann; John Darwent; Genevieve LeMoine (2005)
For six weeks in 2004, a crew of seven from Greenland, Denmark, and the US, surveyed two areas on the central coast of Inglefield Land, Northwestern Greenland: Force Bay and Marshall Bay. This region provides an excellent location for examining the complex interaction of climatic change (end of the Little Ice Age), culture contact (between Inughuit and British whalers, Inuit from Baffin Island, and American polar explorers), and the affects on local technology and subsistence. We relied mainly on intensive foot-based survey and identified and mapped nearly 800 archaeological features. Virtually everywhere we looked that could support human occupation had evidence of past use including nearly 300 tent rings, 16 semi-subterranean winter houses, and a wide variety of other feature types such as meat caches, fox traps, hare snare lines, kayak and umiak stands, and human burials. One of the highlights of our summer was a site at Cape Grinnell, located at the northern end of Force Bay, where at this one single locality we encountered evidence of habitation dating from recent times to at least 4000 years ago and documented over 100 features representing nearly every type known in the High Arctic. We also believe this site was initially visited by Elisha Kent Kane in the 1850s.

Across from Ellesmere: Results of Archaeological Survey in Inglefield Land, Greenland - Darwent, John A.; Genevieve LeMoine; DARWENT, Christyann M.; Hans Lange (2006)
The Inglefield Land Archaeology Project is a collaborative multi-year project with the primary goal of studying culture contact among the Inughuit, Inuit, and Euro-American explorers in northwestern Greenland in order to investigate issues concerning loss and regain of technology, changes in land use, and environmental impacts. As a start to this endeavour, we began a program of helicopter and pedestrian survey during the summers of 2004 and 2005 in order to identify sites for further investigation. Although Inglefield Land is renown for sites such as Ruin Island and Inuarfissuaq (Holtved 1944), overall the archaeological record of the area was poorly known. Here we present the results of the 2004 and 2005 survey during which we examined most of the coastline of the area by helicopter and identified 1375 cultural features in four localities during pedestrian survey.

The 1988-1990 Stone Features Component of the Oldman River Dam Prehistoric Archaeology Mitigation Programme - A Review - Barry J. Dau (1994)
In the period from 1988 to 1990 a major study of stone features was undertaken in conjunction with the development of the Oldman River dam. Primary emphasis in the study was placed on ascertaining if this most common of all archaeological features on the northem Plains could add significant data to the understanding of Native utilization of the Oldman, Castle and Crowsnest River systems. During the course of the study information was recovered from 201 stone features and one buried camp in 19 sites. With the exception of one extremely significant winter camp (DjPm-115) all the examined sites appear to represent short term camps occupied briefly by Native groups in the period from late spring to early fall. Cultural diagnostics from the sites point towards occupation in the period from. the Late-Middle Prehistoric to Proto-Historic Period.

A 10,000 year record of vegetation and fire from Pyramid Lake, Northwestern British Columbia - Mazzucchi David (2001)
Three sediment cores from Pyramid Lake (58°53'N, 129°50'W) were studied to reconstruct the late-Quaternary vegetation and fire history of the Cassiar region of northwestern British Columbia. Reconstructions were based on sedimentology, macrofossil evidence and concentrations of fossil pollen and charcoal. A radiocarbon date of 9500 +/- 65 BP provides a minimum age for deglaciation; however, the extrapolated age of the transition from basal diamicton to lacustrine sediments suggests that alpine ice persisted in the basin until about 10 300 BP. Macrofossil and pollen evidence indicate that subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) was established near the elevation of the lake by ca. 9450 BP, suggesting that treeline during the early Holocene was at least as high as today. Migration of arboreal species from areas beyond the range of Cordilleran ice must have occurred in less than 1000 years, much more rapidly than indicated from previous paleovegetation reconstructions in northern British Columbia.

Ethnicity and Material Culture in North Cameroon - Nicholas David; Kodzo Gavua; A. Scott MacEachern; Judy Sterner (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1991)
Ethnicity involves participation in shared traditions at various scales. Multiple referents of ethnicity in the Mandara highlands, the nature of their expression in material culture, and the underlying systems of production are sketched. In these small-scale egalitarian societies, characterized by Brownian movement of people, the archaeologist can likely define only the larger population cluster, with clines and variation within it, that drew its symbols from the same reservoir. This may well be the significant unit for understanding culture process on a macro-scale.

Unsettled Archaeology with a Resettled Community: Practicing Memory, Identity, and Archaeology in Hebron - Michelle Tari Davies (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2020)
The Hebron Family Archaeology Project is a multi-year project which works towards increasing our understanding of twentieth-century life in Hebron, a former Inuit community in northern Labrador whose residents (Hebronimiut) were forcibly relocated in 1959. The primary goal of the project is to provide opportunities for the residents of Hebron to return to their homeland and to record the stories and memories of Elders before they are lost. Based on the expressed interests of community members, the scope of research has shifted from household excavation to non-invasive archaeological recording methods, family-based interviews, and increasing accessibility. Project goals and methods are flexible in nature in order to suit the needs of the people I am trying to serve, and my role as a researcher has changed as a result. While these factors have unsettled the original goals of the project, ultimately, they have provided critical guiding lessons to develop an Inuit-driven narrative that will be relevant and accessible to present and future generations of Hebronimiut.

THE DEBERT/BELMONT PALAEO-INDIAN COMPLEX - Stephen A. Davis (1991)
A paper presented at the XXIII Canadian Archaeological Association's annual meetings at Whitehorse introduced two Palaeo-Indian sites associated with Debert in central Nova Scotia. At that time the complex was defined as Debert (BiCu-1), Belmont I (BiCu-6), and Belmont II (BiCu-7). The summer and fall of 1990 have added three additional loci to the complex. Two of these are in close proximity to the Belmont sites and are tentatively assigned as Belmont Ia and Belmont IIa. The other is a discrete occupation site one kilometre east of Debert and is known as the Hunter Road site (BiCu-10). A seventh possible site has been recorded 25km northeast of the Debert/Belmont complex. The paper will present preliminary results of the 1990 archaeological geological and palynological studies.

Pisskan: Interpreting First Peoples Bison Kills at Heritage Parks - Laurie Milne (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Early Prehistoric Lifeways and Historic Placer Mining: Golden Paleoindian Research Opportunities in the Northern Rockies of Montana - DAVIS, Leslie (1998)
The serendipitous (Barton Gulch) and intentionally targeted (Indian Creek) discovery of two deeply buried, stratified, multicomponent Paleoindian occupation sites in the Montana Rockies of southwestern and west-central Montana, respectively, led to their multi-year multi-disciplinary investigation. The artifact-bearing deposits are incorporated within fine-alluvium sequences in low-gradient (Barton Gulch) and steep-gradient (Indian Creek) mountain valley floodplains. These unexpected and usually informative, Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene archaeological manifestations were exposed as an effect of localized commercial mining ventures designed to extract economic minerals from alluvial sediments in stream valleys. This paper explores geological and site-formational processes and illustrates the effects of historic placer mining on artifact-bearing landscapes. These independent processes and events have converged to enable advancement of archaeological understandings regarding post Ice Age ecology, Paleoindian hunter-gatherer resource selection and use, settlement selection behavior, and patterned details of Paleoindian adaptive strategies peculiar to this region. Locational and investigational implications of these insights for Paleoindian (and possibly Paleoamerican) site prospection in yet other intensively placered Rocky Mountain valleys are considered in the long term.

Contract Archaeology in Nova Scotia:The Good,The Bad and The Ugly - Stephen A. Davis (2001)
The paper will provide an overview of the changing nature of archaeology in Nova Scotia. As a long time player in provincial archaeology the author has witnessed the good, the bad and the ugly. The paper will deal with issues such as the conflicts which arise when an academic dabbling in a Free Market Enterprise. The question of whether nor not there are any benefits of an academic doing contract work beyond the obvious monetary rewards will be investigated. Although not a central theme there will be some discussion contrasting the contract business in Canada with that of the U.K. again looking at conflicts and benefits. One final issue will be a discussion on the growing and potentially dangerous use of contract archaeology as a political tool. These topics will be presented with case studies to illustrate various points.

Prehistory of Southeastern Nova Scotia - Stephen A. Davis (1989)
In the past two years the focus of research into the prehistory of Nova Scotia has been in the southeast end of the province. The Yarmouth area has a number of prominent private collections which are presently being catalogued, photographed and entered into a computer data base at Saint Mary's University. The existence of the collections, along with cooperation from the owners, has led to the recording of 46 sites in this part of Nova Scotia. A joint effort between Saint Mary's University and the University of Maine, Orono was directed towards the extensive testing of the Bain Site. The paper will address the progress to date with a summary of the chronology of southeastern Nova Scotia.

Folsom Complex Antecedents in Montana: The MacHaffie and Indian Creek Paleoindian Occupational Sequences - DAVIS, Leslie B. (2001)
Excavation of in situ Scottsbluff (9,340±120 14C years B.P.) occupational deposits at the MacHaffie site (24JF4) in 1951 by Richard G. Forbis, on the western flank of the Elkhorn Mountains in west-central Montana, resulted also in the discovery and recovery of an underlying Folsom component (estimated average 10,425 14C years B.P.). Recent extensions of those investigations nearly 50 years later by the Museum of the Rockies have yielded nondiagnostic chert artifacts and highly fragmentary utilized faunal remains from considerable depth below the Folsom stratum. Excavations at the stratified Indian Creek Paleoindian site (24BW626) 30 km southeast of MacHaffie, also in the Elkhorn Mountain Range on the eastern flank, in 1982-1986 also documented a Folsom (10,410±60 14C years B.P.) component, this time with an underlying Clovis (10,980±150 14C years B.P.) occupation. These Paleoindian cultural sequences are contained within floodplain alluvium in moderate gradient depositional settings, both of which had been subject to Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene fluvial processes. Contextual integrity of Paleoindian occupational debris thusly incorporated, and the likelihood that remains of this antiquity will be preserved and discovered, are among the technical issues discussed.

Three Palaeo-indian Specimens from Nova Scotia - Stephen A. Davis; David Christianson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

Microwear Determination of Paleoindian Flake Graver Functions in Montana Rockies Assemblages - DAVIS, Leslie B.; Marvin KAY (1999)
Graving implements are hallmark Paleoindian implements second only in diagnostic value to projectile point morphology/technology and channel flakes in the interior North American West. Microwear analysis by Kay of 33 potential flake gravers obtained by excavation from four and from one inundated Paleoindian occupation sites in southwestern Montana identified 29 gravers. This varied flake graver macroassemblage derives from Folsom Complex (Indian Creek: 10,400 B.P.) and Alder and Hardinger Complexes (Barton Gulch: 9,400 and 8,800 B.P., respectively; Sheep Rock Spring: 9,400 B.P.) and Canyon Ferry Lake (Alder plus other Plaeoindian components). Multiple functional types were differentiated: graver tips used as individual engraving implements to bore, slot, or pierce; compass gravers with paired graver spurs; and parallel gravers, two or more graving spurs with the same use-wear orientation. Studies of the role(s) of gravers in Paleoindian industrial activities have been constrained by the absence of associated, but presumably perishable graving products. Consideration is given to searching for the identity of local, graver-applied raw materials in relation to experimental data which structure arguments for graver use and products.

The pollen record as an indicator of site environment and economy - Davis, A. (1981)
Pollen records from archaeological sites are generally limited in their value for paleoenvironmental reconstruction by problems of low concentration, poor preservation, and small variety. This is most obvious in well-drained sites with high pH. Concentration problems may be remedied by the processing of large samples. Ambiguities in interpretation may be deciphered with the aid of modern pollen spectra from the range of environments presently represented in the area (forested, non-forested, etc.). Pollen spectra from the Yagi site imply open, weedy habitats and in general, complement the seed analyses, although the latter are far more useful in the determination of economy.

Private Collections from Southwestern Nova Scotia - Stephen A. Davis (1993)
During the past ten years the archaeology laboratory at Saint Marys University has been recording the major private collections from Southwestern Nova Scotia. The collections are catalogued, photographed and interviews are conducted with the owners to determine locational information. These efforts have identified single site components with diagnostic specimens which allow comparisons with excavated materials from the Northeast. The preliminary evaluation of the material suggests the substantial presence of defined late Archaic and Early Woodland Traditions with the province. The paper will discuss the presence of the Susquehanna Tradition in the Yarmouth area and a possible Meadowood site at Port Medway.

William A. Russell (19284987) - Stephen A. Davis (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)

History of Archaeology in Nova Scotia - DAVIS, Steve (1994)
The beginnings of archaeology in Nova Scotia can be documented to over one hundred and sixty years ago. The pioneering efforts involved a few members of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science. The discipline moved through various phases of development based upon key individuals and in the modem era the establishment of institutional programs. The paper chronicles the personalities, sites and institutions that laid the foundation for the discipline as we know it today.

Black Goo on a Rock: Linking Ethnohistory and Archaeology - DAWE, Bob; BEAUDOIN, Alwynne (2000)
Historical accounts have documented the practice of applying grease onto certain lithic materials prior to flintknapping. At the Hugo Dosch Site (EgOl-1), southwestern Saskatchewan, archaeological excavations yielded several lithic artifacts buried in a Late Prehistoric component on which a thin black coating was observed. Several analytical approaches were employed to determine the nature of this substance. The results of these analyses indicate this material is an organic residue, of animal origin, and is probably a lipid. We suggest that animal fat was applied to the surface of a Swan River Chert cobble prior to the lithic reduction process. The presence of animal residues on finished lithic artifacts and on pottery is not uncommon, but the occurrence of such residues on unfinished artifacts in the early stages of the reduction process has so far received little attention. Our results present an intriguing link between ethnographic accounts and the archaeological record and further our understanding of the manufacture of lithic tools.

The James Pass Longnecked Point: An Early Archaic Side Notched Point Type From The Front Ranges Of The Rocky Mountains - DAWE, Bob; Brian Ronaghan (1998)
The James Pass Site (EkPu-8), situated in the Front Ranges of Alberta's Rocky Mountains, exhibits a continuous record of occupation extending over 10,000 years. A discrete densely concentrated occupation floor dated at 7,700 years B.P. has yielded two side notched dart point types. One type resembles other Early Archaic and Mummy Cave points from the Plains. The second point style, the James Pass Long Necked variant, features unusually long side notches extending a third of the overall length. This peculiar point style is described and discussed in light of other Early Archaic assemblages in the Plains and eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.

Clovis Beveled Shafts: What's the Point? - DAWE, Bob (1999)
The function of cylindrical bone and ivory shafts frequently found associated with Clovis fluted points has been the subject of much discussion. Functions as foreshafts, levers for tightening binding, wedges to facilitate butchering, sled runners, and composite flintknapping devices, although appealing, in most cases seem more elaborate than their form suggests. The function as foreshafts or component parts of composite shafts, which may or may not have included stone or wood components can adequately account for the formal variation in most of these artifacts. Ethnographic examples of similar shaft construction in the arctic are considered an appropriate functional analogue.

Lost Toys, Ancient Children, and the Archaeology of Play / Jouets perdus, enfants d'autrefois et archéologie du jeu - DAWE, Bob (1997)
A review of ethnographies from the plains indicates that children were well equipped with material culture for the purpose of play. As a consequence of these activities, small artifacts and features have contributed to the archaeological record. Small stone and bone artifacts, pottery and features from Head-Smashed-In and other Plains sites are interpreted as toys and the result of play. The recognition of toys in the archaeological record of the Plains is difficult but new interpretations suggest these are more common than previously suspected.

Tiny Arrowheads: Toys in the Toolkit - DAWE, Bob (1994)
Excavations in the processing area at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump have produced numerous tiny, poorly made arrowheads. I propose that many of these are toys and did not function as adult weapons. A review of Plains ethnographies indicates that youths were invariably supplied with small scale bows and arrows to practice archery skills at an early age. An examination of Late Prehistoric projectile points from Head-Smashed-In was undertaken to determine whether toys could be distinguished in this assemblage. The comparative workmanship and neck widths of projectile points are evaluated as useful indices to distinguish toys from adult weapons. The results of this study may have important ramifications beyond Head-Smashed-In. The occurrence of toys in an assemblage may affect considerations of social organization and site function at Plains sites. Also, the inappropriate classification of toys may hamper interpretations of culture history based on point typology.

From Death Assemblage to Fossil Assemblage: Understanding the Nature of Inter and Intra-Site Variability in Faunal Assemblages - Dawson, Peter (1992)
Archaeologists often criticize the continuing use of normative frameworks in Southwestem archaeology, suggesting that they frequently diminish the researcher's ability to recognize and interpret variability in the archaeological record. While variability can be a product of cultural processes like adaptive diversity, various site formation/destruction processes also have the potential to generate complex patterns in assemblages recovered from different areas within and between sites. Recent faunal analysis of two Jornada Mogollon rockshelters in southeastern New Mexico offer possible avenues for interpreting the nature of inter and intra-site variability in faunal assemblages.

An Application of the Direct Historical Approach to the Algonkians of Northern Ontario - K.C.A. Dawson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1977)
The comparative method is used to trace the culture history of the hunting, gathering and fishing groups who historically occupied the area north of Lake Superior. The lithic and ceramic assemblages from five historic components, considered to be the product of Algonkian peoples, are compared to those from six prehistoric components. Minor differences in stone tool kits are evidently associated with groups who temporarily resided in discrete natural communities. In contrast, ceramics show a mixture of traditions which developed at an earlier time in semi-isolated regions. The application of the direct historic approach suggests that archaeological recoveries are the cumulative product of a single population which in historic times may be recognized as semi-distinct regional groups.

Reconstructing Traditional Inuit House Forms Using 3D Interactive Computer Modeling - DAWSON, Peter C.; Richard M. Levy; Charles Arnold (2002)
Virtual heritage environments provide researchers and the general public with a unique tool for exploring archaeological data in a dynamic and interactive fashion. This paper outlines recent attempts by the authors to construct a prototype 3D interactive computer model of an Inuvialuit sod house from the outer Mackenzie Delta area, using archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic data. Such computer models have the potential to provide significant insights into the design principles used in traditional Inuit architecture. They can also be integrated with 3D scans of cultural artifacts and other recorded media to create an interactive virtual heritage environment. In addition to providing an armature for collecting oral histories and traditional knowledge, these web-based virtual environments allow members of the general public to experience cultural sites in inaccessible areas like the Canadian arctic. This paper will focus on how the computer model was constructed, and presents examples of how it might be used both as a research and educational tool.

An Archaeological Reconnaissance Along the Shores of Lake Nipigon - Kenneth C.A. Dawson (1968)
A survey was undertaken in 1967, under support of the National Museum of Canada, to determine the nature of the archaeological remains along the virtually unknown shores of the most northerly of the Upper Great Lakes, Lake Nipigon. The shores are dominated by crystalline rock and the boreal forest of the Hudsonian biotic province. Here twenty-one Middle and Late Woodland sites were located. They included seven Middle Woodland, six Late Woodland, five multi-component sites, two stratified sites, and one historic burial. It is suggested that lack of evidence of earlier assemblages reflects the selection of locations examined and the extensive recent shore erosion. Most sites revealed only a thin veneer of artifacts scattered on sandy terraces four to six feet above the present shore line. Primarily on the basis of ceramics, the Laurel Tradition, with some suggestions of blending of Hopewellian, predominates in the middle period. Nutumik focus ceramics blend into Blackduck and Selkirk focus ceramics which predominate in the late period. Unlike the north shore of Lake Superior, a hiatus between periods is not evident, nor are there strong evidences of eastern ceramic mixture; rather the affinities are dominantly western. In the late period they are considered to be largely one ceramic tradition. Trade goods of the post-1600 period were also recovered with Late Woodland ceramics, including ceramics with uniformly poor paste and course grit considered to be Ojibwa as distinct from the known ceramic traditions. This situation appears to be characteristic of the region lying south of the height of land and extending west to Rainy Lake. The establishment of definite evidence of continuities and whether the assemblages represent Obibwa or Siouan peoples rests on future excavation of both sites and burials.

Investigations at Wapisu Lake 1972 to 1976 - Kenneth C.A. Dawson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

The Armstrong mound on Rainy River - K.C.A. Dawson (Bulletin, 1976)

Michipicoten survey 1971, Algoma District, Ontario - K. C. A. Dawson (Bulletin, 1971)

Northwestern Ontario and the Early Contact Period: the Northern Ojibwa from 1615–1715 - Kenneth C.A. Dawson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1987)
This paper presents an interpretation of the historical and archaeological records for northwestern Ontario using the territorial ethnicity approach to establish the population composition at the time of contact (A.D. 1615-1715). The population is estimated to have been 98.6% Algonquian speakers of which 68.1% were northern Ojibwa, 16% were other cognate groups and 14.5 were Cree.

Good Fences Make Good Neighbours Understanding the Spatial Logic of Hunter-Gatherer Residence Patterning - Dawson, Peter (1993)
Over the past several decades, the spatial organization of hunter-gatherer sites has been a subject of immense interest to many archaeologists. Differing economic strategies (communal versus individual hunting, gathering, processing) are often presented as determining how living space is organized within hunter-gatherer sites. In addition, social factors like intra-household sharing, and relatedness, have also been suggested as determinants for residence arrangement and spacing. The notion by Yellen (1977) and Whitelaw (1983) that hunter-gatherers map their economic and social relations in space suggests that groups characterized by dissimilar economic and social relations might organize space in distinctive ways. This idea is pursued via the recent analysis of site plans associated with three hunter-gatherer groups characterized by differing economic and social relations; the prehistoric Thule of the eastern and central Canadian Arctic, the Dobe! Kung of the western Kalahari, and the Tyua of the eastern Kalahari. The residence patterns of each group are analyzed using network analysis, and the results presented.

Historic Populations of Northwestern Ontario - K.C.A. Dawson (1976)
The paper examines the ethnohistoric references to the indigenous people resident in northwestern Ontario at the time of contact with particular reference to the question of the presence of Assiniboine. Early maps and records are reviewed and the results of the recent extensive archaeological records are introduced, concluding that the area has seen an unbroken occupation by Algonkian speaking peoples with only transitory appearances of Assiniboines in the historic period.

The Nyman site. A seventeenth century Algonkian camp on the north shore of Lake Superior with Appendix A: Faunal analysis by James A. Burns - K.A.C. Dawson (Bulletin, 1976)

Through Darkening Spectacles: Memoirs of Diamond Jenness - Dawson, Peter (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2010)

Re-defining the Northern Limits of the Devils Lake-Sourisford Burial Complex: New Evidence from The Pas, Manitoba - DAWSON, Peter C.; A. Kate Peach (2001)
The Devils Lake-Sourisford Burial Complex is associated with nomadic Siouxian peoples of the Northeastern Plains who, between AD 900 and 1400, moved seasonally between the Plains and Aspen Parkland in pursuit of bison. Devils Lake-Sourisford peoples were heavily influenced by cultural developments of the Mississippian Climax. Small ceramic mortuary vessels decorated with spiral incisions and socio-religious motifs are considered by Syms (1979) to be a characteristic of this complex. The geographical distribution of the Devils Lake-Sourisford Burial Complex is concentrated near Devils Lake, North Dakota and the Sourisford locality of Southwestern Manitoba. However, recent archaeological survey work on the Saskatchewan river near The Pas, Manitoba, revealed the presence of Devils Lake-Sourisford spiral-incised pottery. This paper outlines the results of the 1999 survey, and discusses the significance of this occurrence for re-defining the northern limits of the Devils Lake-Sourisford Burial Complex in Manitoba.

Interpreting Variability in Thule Inuit Architecture: A Case Study From The Canadian High Arctic - DAWSON, Peter C. (1998)
The semi-subterranean whale bone house is one of the most recognizable aspects of Thule Inuit culture. These impressive and often enigmatic dwellings are found throughout the Eastern Canadian Arctic and Greenland, from AD. 1000 to the Historic Period. Variability in the architectural properties of semi-subterranean house forms have traditionally been used by archaeologists to infer cultural and historical relationships between regions, and establish seasonal and/or functional distinctions in usage. A statistical analysis of 17 semi-subterranean houses from a Thule site in the Canadian High Arctic, however, reveals architectural variability which reflects the use of two distinctive building strategies. Results indicate that these two strategies represent attempts by Thule builders to accommodate 1) fluctuations in the availability of key building materials, and 2) differences in anticipated group mobility.

Houses from Heaven: The Transformation of the Traditional Inuit Household Through Euro-Canadian Architecture / 'Un toit tombé du ciel&#039 - DAWSON, Peter C. (1997)
Archaeologists frequently utilize ethnographic analogies in their interpretations of prehistoric households. Rarely, however, are analogies derived from the archaeological record used to interpret contemporary aboriginal households. In the 1950's, the Canadian Government attempted to assimilate Inuit families into a broader Canadian economic and social reality through the introduction of family allowance, health care, education, and housing programs. The Euro-Canadian prefabricated houses constructed in many arctic communities, for example, were designed around the concept of the nuclear family, which had emerged after the Second World War as a dominant socioeconomic form in southern Canada. When such houses were first introduced into the Canadian Arctic, however, the extended family still functioned as a basic socioeconomic unit of production in Inuit society; a fact that is reflected in the spatial organization of many traditional Inuit dwellings. In this paper, I use archaeological and ethnoarchaeological data to argue that Euro-Canadian house designs and housing programs effectively undermined the solidarity of the traditional Inuit extended family, and fostered the ascendancy of the nuclear family, a household form favored by the Canadian Government for administrative purposes.

Umiujuq: The Discovery of a Possible Umiaq on the Southwestern Coast of Hudson Bay, Nunavut. - DAWSON, Peter C.; Matthew D. Walls (2004)
Recent archaeological excavations carried out on the southwestern coast of Hudson Bay have resulted in the discovery of what may be the keel section (keelson) from a 7.3 meter long watercraft, possibly an umiaq. Umiaqs were large skin boats with open decks that were used for transportation and sea mammal hunting throughout the Arctic. What makes this find particularly significant is that while historic and ethnographic accounts indicate that kayaks (qayaqs) were widely used, umiaqs were not recorded for Inuit groups occupying this region, and not recalled by informants living in this century. There are, however, limited accounts by explorers who observed open-decked boats that might be umiaqs as late as the 18th century. Although the accuracy of these accounts has been questioned, the recent discovery of at least one stone umiaq stand at an archaeological site on the Maguse river during the summer of 2003 provides additional evidence for the use of umiaqs in this area. In this paper, we present a preliminary analysis of the possible umiaq part with reference to other circumpolar umiaq designs and construction techniques. In addition, we discuss the wider significance of this find for understanding the development of Caribou Inuit culture in this region.

Studies In Manitoba Rock Art I: Petroforms - K.C.A. Dawson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1984)

Moving Beyond the Social Logic of Space: Recent Advances in Space Syntax Research and their Relevance to Archaeology - Dawson, Peter; Jeffrey Seibert (2005)
Space syntax is a theoretical approach for understanding how the structure of 'inhabited space' (buildings, settlements) shapes and is shaped by patterns of human movement and social interaction. Archaeologists have been attracted to space syntax analysis because it provides a methodology for examining how human societies use space as an essential resource in organizing people and their activities. These methods involve mathematical and graph-based techniques that allow the researcher to describe, compare, and analyze the spatial configuration of houses, towns, and cities. The majority of archaeologists using space syntax analysis have tended to rely on theories and techniques developed over 20 years ago in the book "The Social Logic of Space" by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson. However, many significant advances in space syntax theory and computer software have occurred since this time. The purpose of this paper is to review these developments and suggest ways that they can be used in the spatial analysis of archaeological data sets.

Public Programming from the University of Calgary Archaeology Interpretive Centre at Fish Creek Provincial Park - de Caen, Susan; Boland, Dale Elizabeth (2004)
With over 80 identified precontact and historic archaeological sites, Fish Creek Provincial Park, one of Canada's largest urban parks, provides rich evidence of more than 8,500 years of human use. The University of Calgary Archaeology Interpretive Centre at Fish Creek Provincial Park is an educational facility operated by the University of Calgary in cooperation with Alberta Community Development. The centre addresses First Nations and early European use and settlement of the Fish Creek area. From this facility, the University of Calgary conducts interactive, hands-on public archaeology programs. Cooperative research and learning projects, involving members of the University and local and regional communities, help define Alberta's archaeological past, with the goal of protecting archaeological resources for the future. Included are a public excavation program, a year-round school archaeology outreach program, and a growing volunteer program. This paper examines the history of the project at Fish Creek, its objectives, development, and goals for program expansion.

The Lenape Meadow Excavations in Basking Ridge, N.J. - de Gruchy, Michelle (2006)
In 1995 excavation began at the Lenape Meadow site in Basking Ridge, NJ; conducted as an archaeological field school open to the general public through the Somerset County Parks Commission and directed by Dr. Alan Cooper. This site consists of a historical component, the cabin of Lord Stirling (a resident of the area in the 18th century), and a prehistoric component. Excavation thus far has focussed on the latter, which dates primarily to the Late Archaic/Early Woodland periods. This presentation will describe the prehistoric findings from this ongoing project of an intact site on the edge of the Great Swamp.

Archaeology and Community Outreach in Rural Nova Scotia - Michael Deal (2004)
The Scots Bay Archaeological Project involves field work and community outreach in the Minas Basin area of central Nova Scotia. The focus of the field work component is the excavation of three prehistoric sites involved in the local lithic industry; a quarry site at Davidson Cove, a workshop/habitation site at Clam Cove and a living site in the present village of Scots Bay. The major goals of the field work are (1) to determine how long the lithic sources at Scots Bay were being exploited and by whom and (2) to increase our understanding of the processes of lithic quarrying, processing and distribution in this region. The outreach component of the project introduces the archaeological project to the local community through informal presentations, workshops, on-site visits, and opportunities for volunteering. The provincial government has recently purchased the point of land beyond the community (Cape Split) and is planning to expand an existing system of hiking trails in order to promote tourism in the area. Since Clam Cove and other sties are located on this cape, we are also exploring the potential for archaeological tourism.

BEOTHUK PALAEOETHNOBOTANY: CURRENT RESEARCH AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS - Michael Deal; Aaron BUTT (1996)
At present very little is known about Beothuk plant use. The best potential source of new information is through palaeoethnobotanical research. Since 1990, MUN students have been examining plant remains recovered from Beothuk components at Deer Lake Beach (BhDi-6), Boyd's Cove (DiAp-3) and Ferryland (CgAf-2). In the summer of 1995, hearth features in Beothuk housepits at the Beaches site (DeAk-4-1), Trinity Bay, were systematically sampled for palaeoethnobotanical study. This paper focuses on the objectives and results of the Beaches Project, updates our current knowledge of Beothuk plant use and relates the known distribution of Beothuk archaeological sites to recognized ecological regions on the island of Newfoundland.

Archaeology and the Meanderings of the Annapolis River: A View from the Boswell Site - Michael Deal; John Campbell; Bryn Tapper (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2022)
Boswell (BfDf-08) is the first precontact archaeological site to be excavated along the Annapolis River, in north-central Nova Scotia. Therefore, it is the baseline for our understanding of former Indigenous occupation for this entire drainage system. Thus far, the site has revealed a cultural sequence beginning with the Transitional (or Terminal) Archaic (ca. 4100–2700 BP), followed by Middle and Late Woodland (ca. 2500–1500 BP) occupations. Subsistence activities at the site included fishing, hunting of beaver and birds, and the collection of edible berries and nuts. The deeply stratified sediments at the site give an indication of why so few sites and private collections have been recorded along the Annapolis River. Based on the Boswell excavation, the authors recommend a new strategy for future archaeological work in this understudied part of the province.

Recherche en paléoethnobotanique à Port au Choix - Michael Deal (2003)

THE DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF NOVA SCOTLAN ARCHAIC SITES AND MATERIALS: A RE-EXAMINATION - Michael Deal; Douglas E. Rutherford (1991)
While the Palaeo-Indian period of Nova Scotia is well established in the archaeological literature, surprisingly little has been written concerning the Archaic period. No Archaic sites have been excavated by professional archaeologists, and the few references that are made to this period focus on the lack of Early and Middle Archaic sites in the entire Maine/Maritimes region. The latter is usually attributed to the drowning of coastal sites due to rising sea-levels and/or environmental constraints on human occupation. Most other references consist of vague statements confirming the discovery of Laurentian or Maritime Archaic artifacts in Nova Scotia, which merely obscure the fact that there is a wealth of undocumented Archaic materials in public and private collections that are from known sites. The authors are currently compiling a comprehensive inventory of these materials for future study. Although this work is still in progress, some initial observations are presented in this paper in the form of a re-assessment of the distribution of Archaic sites and cultural affiliations of Nova Scotia's Archaic peoples.

Current Research in Beothuk Paleoethnobotany - Michael Deal (1998)
Ongoing paleoethnobotanical research is providing new insights into Beothuk plant use and early Beothuk-European relations. This paper reports on plant remains recovered from Beothuk components at five sites across Newfoundland. In particular, charred grape seeds from Ferryland (CgAf-2) and Russell's Point (CiAj-1), Trinity Bay, suggest friendly contact between the Beothuk and Europeans on the Avalon Peninsula during the early 17th century.

Tzeltal Maya disposal behaviour and the archaeological record: an ethnoarchaeological perspective - Deal, M. (1981)
It is generally conceded that the archaeologist most often works with artifacts known only by their discard locations, and that from this he must interpret relationships between these artifacts and features, as well as identify the presence or absence (and intensity) of any activities he believes to have been carried on at the site. Using one artifact class as an example, namely pottery, various modes of refuse disposal and abandonment are discussed in the context of Tzeltal Maya households. The distributional patterns of pottery and other durable remains resulting from discard behaviour are outlined. The reuse, or the more infrequent lack of reuse, of buildings before a house-site is abandoned and post-abandonment activities are identified as major factors affecting the final distribution of pottery fragments before the house-site enters the archaeological record, under most conditions.

Scots Bay Chalcedony: Its Distribution and Exploitation - Michael Deal (1989)
Scots Bay, on the Blomidon Peninsula, Nova Scotia, has often been cited in the archaeological literature as a major chalcedony source in the Maine-Maritimes region. However, despite a long-standing interest by geologists, no extensive survey was undertaken in the area until 1988. This paper focuses on the nature, distribution and prehistoric exploitation of Scots Bay chalcedony. Further, results of a preliminary investigation at a major quarry-workshop site at Davidson Cove are presented.

Re-thinking Land and Resource Use in the Maritime Provinces for the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Periods - Michael Deal (2002)
Archaeological information on aboriginal resource use and transportation routes for the late prehistoric and early contact periods in the Maritime Provinces is used to re-assess current settlement and subsistence models. Emphasis is placed on the distribution of key resources, including flora, fauna, lithics, clay, and copper. The effects of variable access to specific resources on settlement and subsistence strategies is considered, and a more flexible and dynamic model is presented for the region.

Place-Royale, Québec : diffusion des études réalisées pour l'interprétation du site - Décarie, Louise (1993)
En 1990, le ministére des Affaires culturelles du Québec entreprend la publication de toutes les études réalisées dans le cadre du programme de recherche en histoire et en archéologie, lequel fut élaboré au début des années '80 pour l'interprétation du site de Place Royale. Une vingtaine d'études spécialisées illustrent différents thémes et phénoménes privilégiés pour l'interprétation tels que l'occupation préhistorique, l'implantation du premier établissement français, l'adaptation au nouvel environnement, l'évolution du bâti en milieu urbain, la diversité des activités commerciales, la démographie, l'organisation sociale et les modes de vie des résidents. Quinze études ont été publiées à ce jour dans la collection Patrimoines par les Publications du Québec, les autres le seront au cours de la prochaine année, rendant ainsi accessible au public l'ensemble des recherches.

Public Archaeology at the Healing Site - Deck, Donalee (2004)
In 2003, the Manitoba Archaeological Society sponsored a Public Archaeology Project at the Healing Site along the Red River north of Selkirk, Manitoba. The public participation component offered Youth from the Behavioural Health Foundation and the public an opportunity to excavate or work in the field laboratory. This presentation will provide an overview of the archival research that was used in conjunction with the archaeological investigations to reveal an undisturbed multi-component site, as well as the benefits of involving the community in the project.

Forensic Facial Reconstruction - Haentjens Dekker, Vanessa (2005)
Facial reconstruction is a procedure used by forensic anthropologists as a method of determining the likely physical features of unidentified decedents. It is also used in the reconstruction of likely physical attributes of extinct hominids and for historical purposes. The step-by-step procedure of reconstructing a standardized Caucasian male skull was photographically documented. In this presentation, the process and outcome, as well as, the background and scientific significance of facial reconstruction and its relevance to anthropology are discussed.

Assemblage Theory - Paulina Scheck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)

Archaeology for Five to Eight Year Olds: Citizenship and Problem Solving in the Primary Schools - deLeeuw, Gary; Sue Crocker; Louise Dougherty; Edie Hemstock (2001)
Two Elementary School Teachers, a School Administrator and an Emeritus Professor describe a University of Calgary sponsored Archaeology Program for the Schools. Outstanding Archaeology Undergraduate Students work with Teachers to provide authentic experiences in Archaeology. Teachers and Archaeology Students cooperate in the planning and presenting of learning experiences. In particular, two projects with five to eight year olds are described to show how even young children can begin to understand what the science of Archaeology is about; why it's so important to preserve Archaeological sites; and how the study of Western Canadian Aboriginal sites can contribute to children's historical and cultural understandings.

The National Park Service and Maritime Archaeology in the United States - Delgado, James P. (1989)
The National Park Service is the primary federal agency responsible for the preservation and interpretation of America's cultural, natural, and scenic resources. While the NPS has been involved with underwater and maritime archaeological projects since the 1930's, a comprehensive maritime archaeological program has been in place only since 1980. T'his paper discusses NPS work in the field since 1980, including work in and outside of National Parks. The NPS role in drafting guidelines for state management of historic shipwrecks as required by recent Federal legislation, a Nationwide inventory of historic maritime resources, and a new NPS policy urging international cooperation in shipwreck preservation and research will be emphasized.

Archaeology and the Development of Irish National Identities - DELLE, James A. (1994)
This paper considers how archaeology and archaeologists contributed to the development of Irish national identities in what was to become Northern Ireland and the republic of Ireland. By reconsidering how turn-of-the-century archaeologists interpreted ancient monuments, this paper will suggest how modern political and social boundaries have been shaped and legitimated by extending them into the mists of prehistory. In doing so I will examine the relationship between political institutions and archaeological institutions, including museums, universities, periodicals and avocational societies.

Feature #1 at the Crowfield Palaeoindian Site, Ontario - D. Brian Deller; Chris J. Ellis; James R. Keron (2006)
The Crowfield site near London, Ontario, excavated in the 1980s, is a small typical Palaeoindian campsite except for the presence of a plough-truncated pit feature associated with thousands of pieces of at least 182 functional, but purposefully burned and destroyed, stone artifacts. This paper reports on the spatial distribution of artifact pieces within the feature. Plotting of individual tool classes reveals that they are not randomly distributed. These data indicate that some tool classes we recognize match the conceptions of the Palaeoindian peoples themselves, show the material was sorted and carefully placed in the feature, supports the idea the items were burned where found, suggests that it is more likely the items represent an individual's tool kit rather than contributions from several individuals, and for the first time provides direct evidence that Palaeoindians transported their tool kits around sorted into types used for different purposes.

A Late Paleoindian Ritual Tool Deposit from the Caradoc Site (AfHj-104), Southwestern Ontario Investigations were undertaken at the Caradoc site in 19 - D. Brian Deller; Chris J. Ellis (1998)

Le site paléoindien de Crowfield (AfHj-31) - D. Brian Deller; Christopher Ellis; Roger King (2003)

Understanding the Archaeological Record - R. Carl DeMuth (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2013)

Unearthing the Law: New Directions in Archaeology and the Law - Denhez, Marc (2002)
A comparative analysis of archaeological legislation discloses many common features, but also some discrepancies. This presentation will focus on the question of where archaeological legislation is likely to go next.

Reflecting on the Looking Glass: An Exploration of Ancient Maya Mirrors beyond the Southeast Periphery - Carrie Dennett; Marc G. Blainey (2008)
Maya iron ore 'mirrors' are known from both primary archaeological contexts and their iconographic representation on various artistic media, especially ceramics, in the Late Classic and Postclassic periods. It is generally accepted that these mirrors served as elite status items; typically the personal effects of Maya lords and nobles. Several hypotheses are introduced and examined in an effort to understand why these symbolically-charged elite status items occur in regions beyond the Maya southeast periphery. Exploratory frameworks focus on diachronically shifting socio-political power structure(s) and socioeconomic restructuring as potential explanations for the occurrence of Maya mirror in Lower Central America.

Preliminary Assessment of Ceramic Composition from the Sapoa Period (800-1250 CE), Pacific Nicaraguan - Carrie L. Dennett; Geoffrey G. McCafferty; Paul W.O. Hoskin (2008)
Compositional Analysis is a key factor in recognizing the "recipe" of ceramic ware and inclusions, which can inform on such factors as resource procurement, patterns of redistribution, and production techniques ("chaine operatoire"). Previous studies from Pacific Nicaragua have utilized Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), though on limited scales. This paper will re-examine pottery samples excavated at the Santa Isabel site, in the Department of Rivas, including both petrographic and additional XRD analysis. Results will be used to evaluate questions of specialization, since a previous study using only XRD suggested possible distinctions in clay recipes between types and, in the case of monochrome utilitarian types, even between vessel forms.

Canadian Institutions and Lower Central American Archaeology: An Historical Overview of Research along the Southern Mesoamerican Periphery - Carrie L. Dennett; Geoffrey G. McCafferty (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2012)
Canadian universities have played an important role in the founding and development of archaeological programs in lower Central America, especially with regard to the geocultural interface that exists at the southern periphery of Mesoamerica. These developments range from the establishment of basic culture history to more nuanced theoretical inquiries, particularly relating to concepts of social identity and ethnic affiliation. This paper presents a brief overview of the major contributions made by Canadian institutions and their affiliated researchers, with a focus on significant pioneering advances achieved in northeast Honduras, El Salvador, and Pacific Nicaragua.

Local Pasts in a Global Present - Denning, Kathryn (2002)
As truly global communities of indigenous peoples, archaeologists, heritage professionals, and legislators emerge, conversations about archaeological heritage and what to do with it are becoming considerably more complex. Some things haven't changed in principle: for example, the accomodation of multiple voices about the past is still challenging, and uses of the archaeological record are frequently contestable. But there are new developments worthy of note, and of vigilance, because they amplify the challenges to multivocality and fairness in heritage matters. Two angles will be discussed. First: generally speaking, heritage management and archaeological practice are increasingly affected by economic and political processes of globalization. Second, and more specifically: as the concept of the "common heritage of humankind" gains greater influence, its uses in practice and in argument are diversifying. In both cases, even when intentions are benevolent, results may not be positive for everyone. Care is required to ensure that global ideologies do not take precedence over local needs.

I . . .am Can . . . didly in favour of pragmatic eclecticism - Denning, Kathryn (2001)
Theory in archaeology is a mixed blessing to begin with; pragmatically mixing it a bit more does little harm in itself, and can certainly beat dogmatic adherence to theoretical programs of dubious relevance. (This holds especially when those theoretical programs are originally someone else's eclecticism anyway, custom-tailored to their specific historical circumstances.) But what are our best ingredients? For an Ontarian to discuss Canadian archaeology or a Canadian perspective as a monolithic entity at a national conference in Alberta is to invite a referendum. Instead, I will suggest that the general condition of being Canadian or, perhaps, Being in Canada can contribute in special ways to archaeological endeavours both at home and abroad. Our status as a country simultaneously colonial and post-colonial, our high immigration rate and multiculturalism, and distinctive policies in education and resource protection, make Being in Canada different from being in some countries which have produced more prominent archaeological theory.

A Tahltan View of the Oral History and Archaeology of Mount Edziza - DENNIS, Oscar,; Heather HARRIS; Kispiox Gitxsan Nation (1999)
In this paper the authors will examine the picture of Tahltan culture history presented in the archaeological literature pertaining to Mt.Edziza and the surrounding territory and compare that with the Tahltan perspective of their past derived from oral narratives and other cultural knowledge. Two issues in particular will be discussed. One issue regards the prevalent view in the anthropological (archaeological and cultural) literature of the late arrival of the Dene peoples, including the Tahltan, in their present territories. The other related issue regards the direction of coastal-interior cultural influence. Both of these issues will be considered in light of the general neglect of traditional knowledge and aboriginal perspective in anthropological literature.

Symmetry analysis of ceramic designs and Iroquoian-Algonquian interactions - Denny, J. Peter (2000)
Preliminary data from three cases of Iroquoian influence upon adjacent groups are examined. In all three cases, the preferred symmetries in forming decorative bands on pots change in the direction of Iroquoian norms. In the first case, among Western Basin peoples, designs having typical Iroquoian symmetries become admixed with local designs showing other symmetry processes. In the second case, Shenks Ferry people are seen to shift after AD 1300 from symmetry preferences typical of Algonquian groups to Iroquoian symmetries. In the third case, Algonquians in the Connecticut valley show varied efforts to adopt Iroquoian symmetries. Questions of ethnicity are discussed for all three cases, within a culture history framework.

The Entry of Algonquian Language into the Boreal Forest - Denny, J. Peter (1992)
Algonquian languages seem to have moved into the boreal forest on three occasions. The earliest is the spread of Cree, carried by Laurel culture, from a prior position northwest of Lake Michigan around both ends of Lake Superior starting around 100 B.C. The second entry occurred about A.D. 1 in the southcentral Quebec peninsula. It was heralded by the Middlesex complex, the carrier of Eastern Algonquian, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence and penetrated far inland at the Caniapiscau site (GcEl-1) which seems to be Middlesex related. This may be the founding group for Daniel Rattle/Point Revenge on the Labrador coast - Daniel Rattle also shows Middlesex connections. Beothuk or a related language may have been the form of Eastern Algonquian spoken. The third entry was the spread of Ojibway north around the east end of Lake Superior, in the form of Blackduck, occurring after A.D. 700. More southerly boreal forest groups switched language to Ojibway and more northerly ones spread west and east. In the Quebec peninsula East Cree/Naskapi dialects of Cree seem to arrive at Caniapiscau about A.D. 1200.

Conceptual Boxes and Political Borders: Considering Provincial and Territorial Archaeological Site Inventories - Joshua Dent (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2019)
Originating with the systematic analysis of Canada’s eleven regional archaeological site inventory forms, this paper examines the types of information these forms collect and the inventories that aggregate this information. Identifying thematic groupings of data, analysis proceeds to narrow its focus on the culture-historical elements of site forms. Common terminologies are represented cross-jurisdictionally seguing into a discussion of the Taltheilei Tradition and its representation in six provincial and territorial inventories. The Taltheilei example draws out issues with historic and contemporary site inventory management such as the impact of changing terminologies and inconsistent data types but also speaks to the potential of inventories to inform “big data” analyses of inter-jurisdictional site information. The development of one such analytical tool, the Canadian Archeological Inventory Survey Tool (CAIST), is presented in detail. In concluding, the paper explores the promise and perils of future archaeological site inventory management.

Community-Sourced Archaeology and Relinquishing the Inception of Research - Joshua Dent (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2020)
Is archaeology of service beyond archaeologists? Part of a Mitacs Elevate Postdoctoral Fellowship developed in conjunction with Sustainable Archaeology at Western University and Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc., the Research Portal (www.insituated.com/research-portal) is a web-based platform capable of soliciting and communicating community-sourced research to potential academic partners. Designed to augment local capacities, foster relationships, and achieve socially meaningful and disseminated academic outcomes, the Portal inverts conventional community-based research conception. Non-academic organizations outline research objectives to which academic partners adapt or design research. Originally conceived to assist commercial archaeologists in promoting additional research related to commercial projects, the Portal’s pilot implementation quickly expanded to include other heritage communities, including Indigenous communities, not-for-profits, and a municipal government. Demand for the inclusion of additional research sectors outside of heritage suggests that this archaeology-based initiative may have wider implications. This paper explores representations of conventional collaboration, and the presumptions and promise of a more service-oriented and community-driven academic mandate.

Variation in the size of prehistoric co-residential groups in the eastern sub-arctic: evidence from the central-interior of Quebec-Labrador - Denton, D. (1981)
Recently collected archaeological data relating to prehistoric habitation size in the central-interior of Quebec-Labrador are employed in an attempt to describe variation in size of aboriginal co-residential groups. Ethnographic conceptions of aboriginal social organization and settlement patterns are examined in light of this analysis. The potential of archaeological data to address these questions of prehistoric social organisation in the subarctic as well as the difficulties involved are discussed.

Matawaasis: An Historic Beluga Whale Hunting Site in Southeastern Hudson Bay - David Denton (1993)
This paper reports on a recent archaeological evaluation of the Matawaasis (GhGk-1) site, located at the mouth of the Great Whale River, in southeastern Hudson Bay. The project resulted in the recording of over 350 surface structures and the testing of a sample of these structures. Included are circular earthen tent rings, elongated house structures and canoe building platforms, most dating to the 18th and 19th centuries. Read in association with Cree oral tradition and documentary history, these finds permit some initial statements regarding the significance of beluga whale hunting for northern Crees during the historic period.

The Nataawaau Bones: Cree Oral Tradition and Post-European Contact Archaeology in Subarctic Québec - David Denton (1994)
There is a vast potential for developing an archaeology that integrates indigenous traditions and perspectives as well as dangers and contradictions inherent in trying to bring together two fundamentally different ways of seeing the world and understanding the past. This paper will discuss both these aspects using examples from the Cree archaeology of the post European contact period in subarctic Québec. Examples will be taken from recent research conducted within the Cree Heritage and the Land Program of the Cree Regional Authority. The program has emphasized both archaeology and the collection of Cree traditions (stories, legends, place names) relating to places within the Québec Cree territories.

LARGE-SCALE RESOURCE EXPLOITATION, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ABORIGINAL INTERESTS IN QUEBEC - David Denton (1996)
The paper reviews the relationship between aboriginal groups, government and developers with respect to archaeology, both in the context of the James Bay hydro project and in more recent mining and forestry operations. Positive and negative aspects of some alternative models for involvement of First Nations in such archaeological projects will be discussed. While the cases discussed in the paper centre on the Cree, examples from other native groups in Quebec will also be examined.

Les Mistassins and the circulation of Mistassini quartzite from the Colline Blanche in central Quebec - David Denton; PINTAL, Jean-Yves (2000)
For as long as 5000 years preceding European contact, natives were involved in the long-distance circulation of Mistassini quartzite obtained at the Colline Blanche, on the Temiscamie River in central Quebec. This paper focuses on the most recent period, from about 1300 years ago until the disruption or reorientation of trade networks in the 17th century AD. The potential role of the 'Mistassins,' local residents referred to in 17th and 18th century Jesuit documents, in the production of this stone for trade is examined, based on recent archaeological excavations at several sites in the general area of the source. The paper presents information on the organization and logistics of this production, and discusses questions of local use and control of this resource by 'les Mistassins.'

A Preliminary Statement on the Prehistoric Utilization of Chert Deposits Near Schefferville, Nouveau-Québec - David Denton; Moira McCaffrey (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
During the summer of 1984 the authors undertook a short archaeologica survey to confirm the presence of high quality chert in the Schefferville area, and to determine if this resource was exploited in prehistoric times. Two quarry sites with associated workshop locales were discovered. The artifacts and debitage surface collected from the sites represent all stages of biface production. Also recovered was a group of finished tools, in part manufactured from lithic raw materials other than the chert found in situ This may be a curated tool kit left at the quarry when fresh tools were manufactured. The possibility that the Schefferville area is the source of some of the cherts found on archaeological sites in other parts of northern Quebec is discussed, as is the significance of lithic procurement, reduction and transport studies to our understanding of northern Quebec prehistory.

WHAT IS IN A NAME? CREE PLACE NAMES AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUBARCTIC QUEBEC - David Denton (1991)
A toponymic survey was recently conducted in the Whapmagoostui (Great Whale) area of northern Quebec. Over 3,000 names were collected. It is shown that these Cree place names encode a number of different kinds of environmental land-use, and historic information, some of which could be useful to archaeologists. It is suggested that systematic, regional place name surveys can be a useful departure point for developing research strategies and interpreting site date. Various types of Cree place names, from geomorphological and vegetational descriptions to those with mythological referents are discussed, both in terms of their practical functions and in terms of Cree ideology and world view. The possible archaeological implications of different types of names are discussed.

Late Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic Manifestations in West-Central Ohio and Possible Ontario Connections - DeRegnaucourt,Tony (1992)
This paper will briefly describe some Late PaleoIndian and Early Archaic manifestations in west-central Ohio as evidenced by diagnostic lithic finds. Distribution of such Phases (complexes) as Barnes, Gainey, and Hi-Lo in west-central Ohio and adjacent areas in Indiana will be examined. Also, possible connections with Ontario for raw chert will be postulated. Early Archaic Kirk, Thebes, and Bifurcate Traditions will also be described for the west-central Ohio area. Settlement patterns and differential site functions will be briefly explored for both the Late Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic manifestations.

Emergent Ceramics and Identity at the Fifteenth-Century Iroquoian Keffer Village - Susan Dermarkar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
The recent interpretation of ceramic types as fluid and relational (Fowler 2017) has facilitated their use in the exploration of relational identity. In this study, ceramics from the fifteenth-century southern Ontario Iroquoian Keffer (AkGv-14) village are employed in the exploration of matrilineal, matrilocal household self-identification as seen through ceramic communities of practice. The Keffer assemblage is separated into two categories; local tradition ceramics which I suggest represent genealogies of family practice, and non-local tradition pottery, which I propose communicates contemporary relations and long distance interaction. In addition, a new, third category of ceramics is proposed “emergent vessels.” Emergent ceramics are materialized in two separate and distinct vessel forms in the collection, the Everted Lip and North Shore Durfee Underlined. Their sudden and geographically restricted materialization reflects the equally sudden appearance of newly emergent facets of the polyvalent identities of potting communities as seen at Keffer and other north shore sites. The short-term production and use of these emergent ceramics attests to the quickly diminishing importance of these new emergent aspects of identity while the ceramics of the latest village occupations verify the endurance and gradual transformation of those facets of identity tied to family genealogy and long distance interaction.

Painting the Past with a Broad Brush: Papers in Honour of James Valliere Wright - Susan Dermarkar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2011)

Anthropogenic Fire and Landscape Management on Valdes Island, Southwestern BC - Kelly M. Derr (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Precontact peoples of the Salish Sea inhabited and exploited environments of resource abundance. Recent research suggests that the production of a diversity of animal and plants, rather than a single resource (i.e., salmon), supported the complex lifeways of Northwest Coast peoples. While salmon played a critical role, it is important to consider multiple lines of evidence to properly characterize subsistence practices, intensification, and, ultimately, social change. One important and understudied area is the intensification and management of terrestrial, particularly plant, resources. This paper presents data relating to the use of fire as a tool to shape landscapes and increase their productivity at the Shingle Point site (DgRv-002) on Valdes Island, southwestern British Columbia. Charcoal records from this location are used to reconstruct burning practices and explore the role of anthropogenic fire as a mechanism of social change over the last five millennia. These methods and data provide a means to rethink and expand investigations into the emergence of social complexity in the Salish Sea.

Two-Dimensional Scaling of Dissimilarity of Several 'Denali Complex' Sites in Interior Alaska - Derry, D.E. (1976)
This paper deals with the analysis of inter-assemblage variation among a series of sites in interior Alaska, all of which seem to contain certain 'key' elements of the so-called 'Denali Complex.' Variability among the sites is discussed in light of the application of a Pythagorean scaling model to the data. It is suggested that the sites represent varying structural poses of a broad adaptive system. It is further suggested that the original definition of 'Denali' is inadequate on several grounds and its continued use in interior Alaska has become counter-productive.

Assigning Hearth Function through Paleoethnobotany - Dersch, Ave Tressa (2005)
In the northern Dene community of Patuanak hearths are not re-used for different purposes. Instead, hearths are used for one very specific task such as cooking, making drying meat, or smoking hides. Through ethnoarchaeological research in Patuanak, archeological signatures have been identified that will allow archaeologists to assign function to hearths. Focusing mainly on plant remains, this paper explores how innovative paleobotanical techniques will allow archaeologists to assign function and even ethnicity to archaeological hearth remains.

An Early Holocene Cave Deposit, Caverne de la Mine (Québec, Canada). - DESCHAMPS, Eric M.; Bernard LAURIOL (1999)
Located approximately 20 km north-east of Ottawa, Caverne de la Mine contains a fossiliferous infill of significant importance. The cave which likely acted simultaneously as a roost or burrow and as a natural trap, accumulated a large amount of animal remains in the form of bones and teeth. As proven elsewhere, such deposits are very useful for the paleoecological reconstruction of a locality. The upper portion of the infill (100 cm) has been previously studied and showed a relatively recent faunal composition dated at 5000 years B.P. It is characterised by the presence of Ursus americanus, Odocoileus virginianus, Procyon lotor, Peromyscus sp. and Eptesicus fuscus. The bottom portion of the infill (70 cm) dated between 5 020±70 and 8 230±80 years B.P. is presently being studied. Based on cranial elements recovered from this portion of the infill, twenty-two mammal species were identified to this date. The fossil assemblage contains a significant abundance and variety of micromammals, while larger mammals such as U. americanus and O. virginianus are entirely absent here. The fossil fauna contains two species, Microtus pinetorum (MNI= 7) and Dicrostonyx hudsonius (MNI= 1), which are exclusive of the modern local fauna. Today M. pinetorum inhabits the eastern portion of the continent, generally east of the Mississippi valley and south of the Great Lakes, while D. hudsonius largely occupies the Ungava peninsula and parts of Labrador. Their presence in the infill suggests that the local fauna underwent important adjustments since the beginning of the Holocene before attaining its modern form about 5000 years ago.

Un tandem, archéologie et aménagement : Le nouveau Vieux-Port de Montréal - Desjardins, Pauline (1993)
La décision d'inclure l'archéologie dans le cadre d'un grand projet d'aménagement n'est pas nouvelle, on en a vu des exemples dans les grands projets hydro-électriques, également dans les parcs nationaux; mais en milieu urbain, dans un contexte industriel, c'est déjà plus rare. Qui plus est, suite aux attentes exprimées lors d'une consultation publique! Mais dans un contexte particulier de vestiges d'architecture industrielle et de génie civil, il était difficile d'envisager la méthode traditionnelle qui consiste à faire les fouilles par les archéologues puis, par la suite, laisser aux architectes et aux ingénieurs le soin de faire la mise en valeur. Ce que nous allons discuter ici, c'est la démarche adoptée au Vieux-Port de Montréal pour inclure l'archéologie à l'intérieur du projet d'aménagement, de sa conception à sa réalisation, incluant une interaction continue entre les archéologues, architectes-aménagistes, ingénieurs, gestionnaires, administrateurs et contracteurs.

La Mula (2100 to 1700 BP): From Incised to Polychrome Pottery, a Poorly Known Ceramic Style from Grand Cocle, Panama - Desjardins, Benoît (2000)
Since 1997, students from the Department of Anthropology of University of Montreal have been actively participating in the excavations of a pre-columbian site called Cerro Juan Diaz, located on the Azuerro Peninsula in Panama. Recent excavations have revealed an important concentration of La Mula ceramics, an important ceramic style which may represent the first polychrome ceramics in all the Grand Cocle region. Analysis of these new data will be very usefull to understand this poorly known ceramic tradition.

Do My Braids Look Different? Indigenous Identity in Archaeology - Danii Desmarais (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2020)
This article is a narrative of the challenges I have experienced as a white-passing Indigenous scholar. I discuss my conscious decision to conceal my Indigenous heritage during my undergraduate education due to subtle and overt forms of marginalization. I also examine the role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and some community engagement experiences that inspired me to proudly divulge my Indigenous identity during my graduate career. My personal narrative highlights some of the issues that exist for Indigenous peoples studying in a colonial setting. I share how I have coped with these challenges by engaging with my culture, and the Indigenous teachings I have received. It is my hope that my Truth will encourage fellow archaeologists to reflect on their own experiences of marginalization, complacency, and/or culpability so that we can work together and move toward Reconciliation in a good way.

A History of the Native People of Canada, Volume II (1,000 B.C.–A.D. 500) - Pierre M. Desrosiers (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Approvisionnement en matiéres premiéres, mobilité et adaptation technique durant le Dorsétien au Nunavik - Pierre M. Desrosiers; Noura Rahmani (2003)

L’Archéologie au Québec, Mots, Techniques, Objets - Pierre Desrosiers (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

The Anthropology of Techniques: the French Approach - Pierre M. Desrosiers; Noura Rahmani (2002)
The French approach on the study of archaeological material is different from those used in North America. The anthropology of techniques try to define and understand the technical system of production. Developed first on the following of the work of some researchers, like A. Leroi-Gourhan and J. Tixier, this approach is now beginning to give some interesting result on the understanding of Ancient World Prehistory. In this presentation we are going to explain some of the major aspects of this approach, objectives, analysis methods, the contribution to the study of prehistoric hunter-gatherers and also its limits. L'approche française de l'étude du matériel archéologique est originale par rapport à ce que nous connaissons en Amérique du Nord. L'anthropologie des techniques s'intéresse à l'étude de la culture matériel en définissant des systémes techniques de production. Développé principalement à la fin des années 1970, dans la lignée des travaux, entre autres, de A. Leroi-Gourhan et J. Tixier, cette approche commence à livrer des avancées majeures pour la compréhension de la préhistoire de l'Ancien Monde. Dans cet exposé nous allons présenter les principaux aspects de cette approche, ses objectifs, ses méthodes d'analyses, sa contribution à l'étude des sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs préhistoriques ainsi que ses limites.

The GhGk–63 Site: A Dorset Occupation in Southeastern Hudson Bay, Nunavik - Pierre M. Desrosiers; Daniel Gendron (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)
Harpoon head seriation provides the only reference typology available for the Dorset period, with lithic tools still awaiting a formal typology. Cultural attributions have been dependent on absolute dating when diagnostic artifacts such as harpoon heads are absent. A study of the lithic collection from site GhGk-63 has led us to question the validity of those typological data that serve as the basis for cultural affiliations for the late Palaeoeskimo period in the Arctic. We propose a new approach to the study of lithic industries in the Arctic that employs the analysis of lithic technology as it has been developed in France. Our purpose in this paper is to evaluate the utility of this analytical approach to Palaeoeskimo lithic assemblages by employing it in our analysis of the collection recovered from GhGk-63. The results point to its relevance for the characterization of lithic production during the Middle Dorset, and to its potential contribution to comparative studies.

Experimentation on the Production of Slate Tools - Pierre M. Desrosiers; Daniel Gendron (2002)
We present the result of the study of archaeological objects made of schist from both Dorset and Thule sites of Nunavik as well as an experimental methodology aimed at understanding the modes of production of tools made of schist. The production of ulus and "polished knives" is particularly focused upon. We compare the results of this technological analysis with the typological distinctions that have been established between Palaeoeskimo and Neoeskimo schist tools. Our results show the existence of many production methods and contribute to a better definition of each of these periods.

Les secteurs archéologiques au Québec - Pierre Desrosiers (1993)
Le secteur archéologique est un outil de gestion mis au point récemment par le ministére de la Culture afin d'assurer la protection des sites archéologiques, à l'extérieur des centres urbains et, plus spécifiquement, sur les terres du domaine public du Québec. à partir des 7 000 sites répertoriés dans la banque informatisée de l'Inventaire des sites archéologiques du Québec et de leur localisation sur les cartes topographiques au 1: 250 000 et 1: 50 000, il a été possible de circonscrire une centaine de concentrations de sites archéologiques dans un environnement particulier (lac, île, côte) appelées secteurs archéologiques. Chaque secteur représente le fruit d'une ou plusieurs interventions dans un territoire restreint et constitue une banque de sites à conserver à long terme. L'identification d'un secteur permet ainsi de conserver un territoire géographique à des fins archéologiques, au même titre qu'on décide de créer un parc, une réserve ou un lieu de villégiature. Comme outil de gestion, les secteurs archéologiques représentent l'état d'avancement des activités archéologiques régionales, favorisent une plus grande concertation entre divers partenaires gouvernementaux et municipaux, et entraînent une implication accrue du milieu.

The Archaeologioal Identity of the Beothuck - Devereux, H. (1969)
The Beothucks of the Island of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Their origins and relationships are still unknown. It is suggested that the Direct Historic Approach will be a useful tool in attempting to distinguish Beothuck remains and establishing an archaeological identity for them. Four sites and three collections may be relevant, despite several frustrating factors. The latest Beothuck sites contain no stone tools - only their iron substitutes. Another probable Beothuck site contains not only iron, but also stone tools some of which are characteristically Dorset. This site may be mixed. A third site seems to be a pure Beothuck component containing both iron and stone tools. A prehistoric site contains stone tools which may be Beothuck, but this site also contains typically Dorset tools and so may be mixed. Three collections contain stone tools which by comparison may be attributable to Beothuck. It is therefore possible to establish an archaeological identity for late historic Beothuck sites having iron tools, and also to suggest several stone tool types and lithic attributes which characterize prehistoric Beothuck assemblages.

Continuity and Change in Cultural Adaptation to Mountain Environments: From Prehistory to Contemporary Threats - Genevieve Dewar (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Expanding the Horizon: Late Holocene Lithic Assemblages in Kamloops, B.C. - DEWING, Natalie (1998)
Archaeological investigations by the SCES-SFU Field School in Kamloops, B.C., between 1991 and 1997, have identified and tested over 60 upper terrace sites as part of a study of long-term land use. Interpretation of this archaeological record has been constrained by the absence of diagnostics at many small lithic scatters or by mixed assemblages at the larger, multiple component sites. However, excavation in 1997 at one of these larger sites, EeRb 144, revealed a relatively undisturbed cultural sequence extending from the recent past through at least the Middle Period (4000 - 7500 BP). This paper focuses on the artifact assemblages from the Plateau Horizon (2400 - 1200 BP), and introduces a new artifact type.

Late Maritime Woodland (Ceramic) And Palaeo-Indian Endscrapers: Stone Tool Technology - Dickinson, Pam (2002)
Archaeologists tend to view lithic assemblages from a predominately morphological perspective, stressing the importance of the fluted point as the defining characteristic of the Paleoindian culture period (ca. 10,000 years B.P.). In applying such a characteristic, Paleoindian sites have been identified throughout the Northeast. However, there are no identified Paleoindian sites in New Brunswick. It is possible that some sites are largely ignored or thought to lack a Paleoindian component if a fluted point is absent. If such sites are being overlooked, then the database may under represent the Paleoindian culture period. Spurred end scrapers commonly occur in known Paleoindian tool assemblages and are often considered diagnostic of the Paleoindian culture period. However, spurred end scrapers have also been identified in the Late Maritime Woodland (Ceramic) culture period (ca. 500 years B.P.). I designed the present study to determine if spurred end scrapers from known Paleoindian and Late Maritime Woodland period sites can be differentiated and be diagnostic of a specific culture period. A morphological and technological analysis of spurred end scrapers allowed me to complete a controlled comparative lithic study of the two culture groups. An analysis of the spurred end scrapers from the four sites indicates similarities between culture periods in the type of lithic materials employed in tool production as well as in the initial stages of core technology. Technological variability in the form of a longitudinal flake occurs on Paleoindian spurs. I then applied the similarity and variability identified between culture periods to two multi-component sites in New Brunswick that have spurred end scrapers that morphologically resemble those from the two Paleoindian sites analyzed. However, no other evidence of a Paleoindian component had been identified at the sites. The technological analysis of the spurred end scrapers from the New Brunswick sites has not determined that a Paleoindian component does exist, but suggests further investigation is warranted. It is the presence, not absence, of the longitudinal flake down the center of the spur that may be used as an indicator to distinguish Early Paleoindian from Late Maritime Woodland spurred end scrapers.

Résumé des études et des recherches en géoarchéologie à l'Université du Nouveau-Brunswick - Dickinson, Pam; Brent Suttie; Sandy Glidden-Hachey; Alyson Mercer (2003)

Preliminary Analyses of the Internal Structure of Large Sites in Northern Manitoba - Gary A. Dickson (1973)
During the summer of 1972 an eleven man crew investigated two large sites in the Kame Hills 1ocality of Southern Indian Lake. The research involved a controlled surface pickup and the excavation of the heavy moss layer. The moss and debris were removed from the entire area of the smaller site. The results of the exposure of entire site are: 1) the delimitation of the site boundaries, 2) the relationships between subsurface features and surface scatter, 3) the definition of tentative activity areas within the site. These are discussed in their spatial and temporal aspects.

Nuts, Seeds, and Raw Materials, Macrofloral Analysis at the Ancient Qwu?gwes Wet Site, Southern Puget Sound, USA - Diedrich, Melanie (2005)
We know the earliest people living on Mud Bay made full use of the abundant sea foods and land mammal resources available at this place. But we do not know to what extent they used the floral and herbaceous resources, or which plants those resources consisted of. By preserving and identifying floral remains and seeds from Qwu?gwes wet site we hope to determine the kinds of plant resources used and recreate the plant distribution and ecology along the banks of South Puget Sound 400, and more, years ago. To accomplish this we will be comparing specimens from herbariums and studying macrofloral samples recovered from six years of excavations. From the location of specimens in the site we also hope to test whether seeds, nuts and mosses found were deposited naturally or as a result of cultural use.

Space, Place and Landscape: dynamic modelling of cultural preferences for site selection / Espace, place et paysage : modéle dynamique de repr& - DIETERMAN, Frank A. (1997)
This paper examines a dynamic approach to initiating settlement pattern analyses of the Princess Point Complex in southern Ontario, dating to circa AD 500 to 1000. This approach employs a GIS to model decision-making over space and time to determine cultural preferences for site selection. The dynamic model combines content and context; using measurable variables from sites and surveys, and behavioural variables associated with the cultural perception of site (place) and non-site (space) landscapes. The preliminary results of the project will be discussed together with an exploration of the relationship between environmental perception and site location.

A gendered view of the landscape (A.D. 500-1200) - Dieterman, Frank (2000)
This paper details a landscape archaeology approach explaining the transition from Middle Woodland to Princess Point to Early Ontario Iroquoian settlement systems in southern Ontario circa A.D. 500-1200. This cultural transition zone is manifest both temporally and spatially, representing a zone of ideological and social 'boundaries' demonstrated by landscape analyses. The argument is made that a gender group, of which women were the large majority, was instrumental in the selection of settlement locations during the Princess Point period - a period of significant horticultural and settlement transition. This is reflected in the archaeological record through operational and cognised modelling of the interrelationships between gender, mobility, subsistence and settlement patterning through space and time. The result of this research provides archaeological evidence, supported by ethnographic accounts, of a gendered view of the landscape.

Are You My People?: Native Anthropology by a Native Anthropologist - DILLMAN, Donna; the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (1999)
Native visitors to Yukon communities are often greeted with the question, 'Are you my people?' How the question is answered may define the ensuing relationship. As a person of Tagish-Southern Tutchone-Tlingit ancestry raised in the Yukon and descended from several generations of Yukoners, I am in a unique position to study my home land and my culture. As a Native anthropologist I can also contribute to Anthropology from an indigenous perspective. I owe this to Archaeology-a discipline that sparked my interest during my first years of post-secondary education. Archaeology helped my find myself and allowed me to incorporate my past with my graduate studies. This paper focuses on the role that education has for Native people, and how it may provide new areas of insight in the field of northern Anthropology.

The Birds of Summer: Lakeside Routes into Late Pleistocene New England - Dena F. Dincauze; Victoria Jacobson (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Ethnographic and Environmental Data Sets - Dena F. Dincauze (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Raw Material and Stone Tool Management in the Context of a Middle Dorset Hunting Camp : A Study of Technological Activities and Cultural Choices - Dionne, Marie-Michelle (2002)
We already know that different environmental or socio-economic constraints as well as the very nature of the raw materials exploited, exert various influences on the composition of Palaeoeskimo lithic assemblages. However, what effects might responses to these constraints have had on the manufacturing and use of these tools? An analysis,using this perspective, of a Middle Dorset lithic assemblage will aim to examine the role that these constraints and the cultural choices played as far as raw material management and stone tools, especially their production and use. These kinds of interpretations are made possible through technological and use wear analysis.

Late and post-glacial paleoecology and archaeology of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska - DIXON, E.J.; HEATON, T.H; T.E. FIFIELD (1998)
Since the inception of a cave management program on Prince of Wales Island in the 1980s, the number of formally recorded and mapped caves has grown from a handful to over 400. With this growing awareness has come the discovery of significant paleontological and archaeological remains in more than 30 caves. In 1996 ongoing paleontological work in a solution cave designated 49-PET-408 located on the north end of Prince of Wales Island, resulted in discovery of human remains and associated stone and bone tools. By the end of 1997 the assemblage from 49-PET-408 includes faunal material spanning at least 40,000 years punctuated by cultural materials up to 10,000 years old. Cultural deposits extend outside the cave and offer significant potential for future early Holocene research.

Two Neutral Cabin Sites: A Case Study in Small Site Archaeology - Dodd, Christine (1992)
The focus of this paper is two small, short term Iroquoian cabin sites in southwestern Ontario: the Day site (ca. A.D. 1450), and the Haley's Pond site (ca. A.D. 1620-1630). Both sites were subject to complete mitigative excavations by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, in advance of highway construction. This paper considers; the issues of seasonality, site function and delineation of activity areas, through. an analysis of the nature and distribution of cultural remains at these two sites. The placement of the site type represented by Day and Haley's Pond within a broader settlement system for the Neutral Iroquoians is briefly considered.

Highways Through Time: Process and Product in Highway Corridor Archaeology - Dodd, C.; P. Lennox, B. Morrison; P. Timmins (1993)
This paper discusses the process developed by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Southwest Region for the archaeological assessment of highway construction projects and the mitigation of sites on highway rights-of-way. The products of the assessment/mitigation process are defined and critically examined. While the principal function of the archaeological unit is to clear environmental assessment requirements to enable the Ministry to deliver the provincial highway construction program, we are committed to producing useful data and distributing results. In addition, these studies address issues of site significance and preservation, First Nations' concerns, and public interest and education. The paper draws examples from a recently completed project, that resulted in the excavation of several sites ranging from Paleo-Indian to Late Woodland times.

Aspects of Prehistoric and Historic Trade on the Interior Plateau of British Columbia - Paul F. Donahue (1973)
This paper discusses a few of the inferences to be drawn regarding trade on the plateau using archaeological, economic and ethnohistoric sources. Some suggestions for future research are made.

Survey in Northern Alberta: 1975 - Donahue, P.F. (1976)
During the 1975 field season two uplands and portions of three major rivers in northern Alberta were surveyed for the Archaeological Survey of Alberta. Site densities on the Caribou and Birch Mountain uplands differed markedly from each other as a probable result of their dissimilar environments. Comments regarding survey results, regional prehistory, site distribution analysis and future research are presented.

Archaeology in 1984 - Donahue, P. (1981)
Alberta has, since the passage of the Alberta Historical Resources Act, been in the forefront of archaeological cultural resource management in Canada. Development proponents have spent untold dollars to conserve the past, and a staff of professionals has been hired by the Archaeological Survey to review development projects, undertake research, and review and evaluate the work of consultant archaeologists. Recorded sites in Alberta presently number approximately 12,000 and the total number of artifacts far exceeds that figure. Clearly many positive and necessary steps have been taken toward properly managing the resources; however, it still remains to take the next step into the world of directed and standardized archaeology. Does this represent shades of 1984 or only a tentative first step?

The Northwest Coast as a Study Area: Natural, Prehistoric and Ethnographic Issues - DONALD, Leland (1998)
The 'Northwest Coast' is a frequent focus as an area of research, both as a background for more localized research topics and as an area of study. I briefly review the Northwest Coast as a natural area, and in culture historical terms. After considering the value of the idea of a 'Northwest Coast' in these three contexts, I discuss several research problems which would help resolve some of the issues raised in my discussion.

Subareas and Local Patterns within the Northwest Coast: Methodological Issues in Ethnology and What They May Tell the Archaeologist - DONALD, Leland (2005)
Ethnologists/ethnohistorians have used two basic approaches to identify subareas within the Northwest Coast culture area: 1) evaluation of overall cultural similarities based on either generalized impressionistic methods or on numerical taxonomies of similarity coefficients based on numerous culture traits of a sample of ethnic units and 2) qualitative evaluations that focus on one or a few key diagnostic traits. I compare the various subareal approaches that have resulted from the more influential of these efforts and then consider what use archaeologists might make of these methods and results in their own explorations of the prehistoric subregions of the Northwest Coast.

Effect of a Professional Archaeologist on an Avocational One or the Manyberries Cairn, DgOo-1 - Dormaar, J.F. (2001)
The variables responsible for soil formation can be grouped into five categories, i.e., parent material, biotic and abiotic forces, topography, and time. Although people fall under the biotic forces category, landscape often affects where people are and what they do in it. In 1970 Dr. Dick Forbis brought together, via a field seminar with flip-charts and all, an interesting group of people to discuss how a wide variety of disciplines could give depth to the Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump research. There were Dr. Dick Forbis, convener and archaeologist, Barney Reeves, nascent archaeologist, Archie Stalker, geologist, Ted Cook, soil microbiologist, Larry Lutwick, soil geneticist, John Dormaar, soil organic chemist, and Bill Byrne, nascent archaeologist plus an assortment of summer students. Ever since, I have asked myself as to how I could, as a soil scientist, contribute to the discipline of archaeology. The landscape is really the soil scientist's living laboratory. On a macro-scale, people affected that landscape via the use of fire, confined grazing after free-roaming bison were eliminated, and upside down farming. On a micro-scale, by arranging cobbles into circles, alignments, and cairns, people could affect soil transformations beneath these arranged cobbles. However, I, as an avocational archaeologist, was also able to contribute via the question as to why petroforms, such as structures used for vision questing, were here, but not there in the landscape, since I was in that landscape anyway to practice my soil science profession. The Manyberries Cairn (DgOo-1) will be discussed as example where a soil scientist and an avocational archaeologist can contribute to the discipline of archaeology.

Sizing up the Situation: Tools for the Protection of Archaeological Resources in Ontario - Dena Doroszenko; Sean Fraser (2006)
The mission of the Ontario Heritage Trust is to identify, preserve, protect and promote Ontario's cultural and natural heritage for the benefit of present and future generations. Last year's passing of the Ontario Heritage Act strengthened regulations to protect Ontario's unique heritage sites, including its mandate to protect natural heritage. Identifying and protecting places in our communities that have cultural heritage value is an important part of planning for the future, and of helping to guide change while keeping the buildings, structures, archaeological sites and landscapes that give each of our communities its unique identity. This paper will address the available tools for the protection of archaeological resources in the Province of Ontario and provide substantive examples

Under the Boardwalk in Quebec City: Archaeology in the Courtyard and Gardens - Dena Doroszenko (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1995)

One Party Too Many? - Container and Table Glass From, the Inge-va Privy - Dena Doroszenko (1993)
From 1987 through 1989, archaeological excavations have been conducted at the Inge-va estate in Perth, Ontario under the auspices of the Ontario Heritage Foundation. Inge-va was built in 1823 and represents one of the finest Neo-Classical Georgian houses in eastern Ontario. While only occupied by three families since its construction, the archaeological work has focused on the Radenhurst family and in particular, the excavation of an abandoned privy pit deposit which uncovered over 15,000 artifacts in 1988. This paper will present a preliminary analysis of the large number of container glass and table glass objects recovered from. the privy excavation. Incorporating this information into the existing data model will improve our ability to draw inferences about the complex inter-relationships of the behaviour patterns and events which lead to the creation of this unique archaeological. collection.

Titre de l'exposé : Les paysages du pouvoir : Fulford Place, Brockville et les Olmsted - Dena Doroszenko (2003)

Ice and Fire? The Evolution of Outbuildings at the Macdonell-Williamson House - Dena Doroszenko; Brooks, Meagan (2008)
The Macdonell-Williamson House is situated in the Township of East Hawkesbury on the southern shore of the Ottawa River, adjacent to the village of Pointe-Fortune. John Macdonell, a retired North West Company fur trader, was prolific in the construction of outbuildings during the early period of occupation on the property. Between 1817 and 1842 he built over 20 outbuildings, six of which have been discovered archaeologically in the space of one acre. This paper will discuss the ice house and smokehouse buildings uncovered during archaeological assessment in 2007 and their context within the farmstead estate.

Death Lurked in the Floorboards and Stained the Walls: Behavioral Inferences From the Inge-va Privy Deposit - Dena Doroszenko (1992)
Built in 1823, Inge-va represents one of the finest Neo-Classical Georgian houses in eastern Ontario. In 1988, archaeological excavations at the Inge-va estate in Perth, Ontario under the auspices of the Ontario Heritage Foundation, uncovered over 15,000 artifacts from an abandoned. privy pit. The large number of ceramic and glass vessels recovered from this discrete feature and the high degree of vessel completeness allowed several analytical and cultural questions to be addressed. The incidents of death in the family during the approximate deposition date of the material has great relevance for interpreting archaeological responses to these events, i.e. disease within the bousehold and the resulting discard behaviour. This paper will explore whether disease is a possible explanatory tool that can be used in reconstructing the past life cycle of the Radenhurst family at Inge-va and whether it provides clarification of the discard pattern uncovered in 1988.

WHY ARE THERE 369 DISHES IN THE PRIVY? AN ANALYSIS OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM OPERATION 2, INGE-VA, PERTH, ONTARIO - Dena Doroszenko; Gerrard, Richard (1991)
From 1987 through 1989, archaeological excavations have been conducted at the Inge-va estate in Perth, Ontario, under the auspices of The Ontario Heritage Foundation. Built in 1823, Inge-va represents one of the fmest Neo-Classical Georgian houses in eastern Ontario. While only occupied by three families since its construction, the archaeological work has focused on the Radenhurst family and in particular, the excavation of an abandoned privy pit deposit which uncovered over 15,000 artifacts in 1988. The large number of ceramic vessels recovered from this discrete feature and the high degree of vessel completeness allowed several analytical and cultural questions to be addressed. Primary data analysis was accomplished with a 4GL relational database, ORACLE. A detailed stratigraphic analysis using a Harris matrix allowed the deposit to be organized into discrete depositional events. These were used as the basis for exploring post-depositional disturbance to the ceramic assemblage as a first step towards developing socio-economic and behavioral inferences.

Burning Down the House: The Archaeological Manifestation of Fire on Historic Domestic Sites - Dena Doroszenko (1998)
This paper will examine the manifestation of fire as found archaeologically at four historic domestic sites in Ontario. Each site has experienced a burning episode of varying significance in the property's history. Soil deposition, debris fields, heat alteration of artifacts, fire intensity and types of fire debris will be discussed and analyzed with the intent of developing a paradigm for identifying such deposits.

Public Archaeology In Ontario - Dena Doroszenko (2001)
Since the mid-1970s, the archaeology program at the Ontario Heritage Foundation has gone through a series of stages culminating in new directions, fiscal realities and public accountability. This paper will critique the program in relationship to the general growth and development of public archaeology within the Province of Ontario.

Catequil's Lithics: Stone Tools from an Andean Complex Society - Jordan Downey (2008)
Lithic artifacts are often largely or wholly ignored by archaeologists studying complex societies. While this situation is being rectified in many parts of the world, the Andean mountains of northern Peru remain one area where very few lithic analyses have been conducted. To this end, a comprehensive analysis was conducted of all lithic artifacts from four sites associated with the Oracle of Catequil, located on and around the mountain of Cerro Icchal near the village of San José de Porcón in La Libertad, Peru. The oracle, in use between 400 CE and the Spanish arrival in 1532 CE, is a sacred site of ancestor veneration and a place of pilgrimage. Through this analysis, I am able to show the relationships between the four different sites at Cerro Icchal, as well as show how this expedient tool assemblage fits into a general model for lithic design criteria in complex societies.

Prehistoric Chipped Lithic Technology: A Southern Ontario Perspective - Jordan Downey (2008)
There is currently no consensus as to how lithic analyses should be undertaken and what role they can play in interpreting the archaeological record. By employing both Sullivan and Rozen's (1985) 'interpretation free' approach to debitage analysis along with a stage reduction approach, I suggest that it is indeed possible to conduct a satisfactory lithic analysis, and that information about exchange, subsistence and settlement patterns can be obtained from this. I examine the tools and debitage from the Flying Snake site (AjGx-153) in Milton, Ontario to confirm that the site belongs to the Ontario Small Point Archaic phase (ca. 3500 - 3000 B.P.), as well as to suggest how the site fits into the Late Archaic in Ontario.

The Picts: Issues in Identifying an Historical Ethnicity - Downey, Jordan T. (2006)
Many problems arise when one attempts to define an ethnicity, particularly a past ethnicity with few living descendants. This is the case with the Picts, a people of Celtic descent that lived in Northern England into the European Middle Ages. One of the main problems with identifying the Picts is that they were one of at least five different nations, each with a unique language, which existed contemporaneously in the British Isles. This paper uses a multivariate approach to deal with the issue of identifying the Picts in the historical an archaeological record. In addition to archaeological and historical methods of identification, I examine the linguistic and ethnographic evidence for the existence of the Pictish nation. I conclude that, despite some problems, it is possible to identify the remains of an unique Pictish nation through these methods.

Identification and source location of lithic artifacts from the central Maine Coast - Doyle, Robert G. (1993)
Six thousand lithic artifacts from 200 archaeological sites along the central Maine coast have been examined for detailed petrology, and the results subjected to basic statistical analysis. Thirty individual lithic materials, each with a distinct source area, were identified from these sites and subsequently field sampled. Statistical analysis reveals lithic use patterns for cultural periods from the Early Archaic to Late Ceramic. In addition, the analysis indicates a shift, through prehistoric time, in the lands of lithic materials used in different geographic settings along the Central Maine Coast.

A preliminary bibliography of early man in Eastern North America 1839–1973 - Don W. Dragoo (Bulletin, 1976)

(TITLE UNAVAILABLE) - DRAKE, Martha (1996)
No abstract submitted

Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology - Gary Warrick (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2018)

Indices of architectural relationship in Mesoamerica and eastern North America - Drewitt, B. (1981)
A topic of continuing research and debate has been the spatial and temporal relationships within eastern North America of monumental civic architecture - one of the presumed Mesoamerican influences in the area. Research concerned with similar topics within Mesoamerica has traditionally employed building orientation as one index of possible relationship. The paper summarizes work at Teotihuacan on two other potential indices of architectural relationship (units of measurement and relationship of building axes) and points out similarities between Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan with respect to these indices. The potential for the use of these indices in eastern North America is discussed.

Archaeology: The Widening Debate - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Method and Theory for Investigating the Peopling of the Americas - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1999)

A Comment on Methods for Identifying Quartzite Cobble Artifacts - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Ancient Puebloan Southwest - Jonathan Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2001)

Prehistoric Hunting Strategies in the Crowsnest Pass, Alberta - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1985)
Analysis of fauna from 22 sites in the Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, demonstrates that hunting strategies varied seasonally. Sites occupied during the winter are situated in the foothills and entrance to the pass. Bison dominates assemblages at these sites. Sites occupied during the summer are situated well into the mountains, and their faunal assemblages are very diverse. These differences are explained by changes in hunting strategies to accommodate seasonal variation in prey distribution and abundance.

Ice Age Hunters of the Rockies - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)

PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES OF OPEN AREA EXCAVATION STRATEGIES ON COMPLEX STRATIFIED SITES - Jonathan C. Driver (1991)
The normal excavation method for sites with complex natural stratigraphy in North America involves the use of small excavation units, with stratigraphic control being achieved through the large number of stratigraphic sections obtained using such methods. The advantages of this method are well known, but there are disadvantages as well - reduced ability to detect features, poor control of layer margins, and less information about site formation processes. The recent excavations at Charlie Lake Cave (B.C.) employed open-area excavations over a fairly small area of a highly complex site. The advantages of the method included: understanding site formation processes, recognition of features and isolation of rodent disturbance. The disadvantages were minor, and it is concluded that open-area excavations provide better control and more information in complex sites.

Chaco Meridian: Centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest - Jonathan Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2002)

Early to Late Prehistoric Lithic and Faunal Assemblages, Site DjPp–8, Alberta - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1993)
Excavations at DjPp-8, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, reveal a sequence of occupations from Early Prehistoric to Late Prehistoric times. Lithic assemblages show changes in the morphology of projectile points consistent with sequences in adjacent regions, and show that the site preserves a record of at least 8000 years of prehistory. Other lithic artifact types do not undergo major stylistic changes through time, although the size of artifacts declines. The use of exotic stone increases through time, and this change is ascribed provisionally to changing social organisation. Faunal preservation can be assessed using a variety of indices, all of which demonstrate increasingly poor preservation with depth of burial and age. When these factors are taken into account, there is no evidence for change in faunal use through time, and the site appears to have been used regularly as a summer base camp from which a wide range of resources were exploited.

Bringing Back the Past: Historical Perspectives on Canadian Archaeology - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2000)

Large Mammal Taphonomy of the Paleoindian Component at Charlie Lake Cave - DRIVER, Jon (1994)
All identified large mammal bones from two Paleoindian components dating c. 10,500 to 9800 B.P. at Charlie Lake Cave can be assigned to Bison sp. Human involvement in the accumulation of the bones is demonstrated by evidence for butchering, and for selection of certain elements. Subsequent taphonomic processes included gnawing and dispersal by large carnivores, downslope movement, and rapid burial. This paper attempts to delineate the human behaviours which resulted in the accumulation of the bones. Competing hypotheses for the accumulation of bones and artifacts include: kill site; refuse area adjacent to a kill/processing site; redeposition; children's play.

Archaeological Theory and Scientific Practice - Jonathan Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2004)

Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1997)

Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology - Jonathan Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2005)

The Palaeoindian Bison Assemblage from Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia - Jonathan C. Driver; Claudine Vallières (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)
A small assemblage of bison bones from the Palaeoindian (10,700 to 9500 BP) components at Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia is dominated by elements from the middle and lower limbs. The skeletal element frequencies are not typical of a kill site. The lithic assemblage, the lack of evidence for burning, and the ratio of long bone shaft fragments to epiphyses suggest that the assemblage was not produced at a residential site nor at a specialized processing area. We propose that the assemblage resulted from storage of frozen bison limbs in a series of meat caches, probably located in a small cave that would have been difficult for scavengers to enter.

A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization - Jonathan Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2008)

Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice - Jonathan C. Driver (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2003)

Les systémes de paratonnerres utilisés à la poudriére de l'Esplanade à Québec (1815-1871) - Pierre Drouin (1993)
Des fouilles archéologiques effectuées à la poudriére de l'Esplanade à l'automne 1991 ont permis de mettre au jour les vestiges de trois systémes de paratonnerres utilisés successivement à cet emplacement. L'analyse documentaire révéle que ces vestiges sont des témoins fidéles à la fois du développement de la technologie et des directives émises par les ingénieurs militaires en vue de protéger la population des dangers inhérents à l'entreposage de matiéres explosives dans les poudriéres.

Analyse multidimensionnelle de la variabilité de l'architecture funéraire sur le site d'un cimetiére de chasseurs-cuei - Bradley Drouin; Andrzej WEBER; Goriunova, Olga Ivanovna (2003)

Les cimetiéres de Notre-Dame-de-Québec, 1664-1859 - Drouin, François (1993)
La paroisse Notre-Dame-de-Québec est érigée canoniquement par Mgr François de Laval le 15 septembre 1664. Ce geste constitue officiellement la premiére paroisse de la Nouvelle-France. Il existe déjà à ce moment plusieurs lieux où sont inhumés les catholiques. Mentionnons entre autres, en raison de leur caractére public , le cimetiére de la côte de la Montagne, le sous-sol de l'église Notre-Dame ou encore le nouveau cimetiére ouvert aux abords de la rue Buade. Par la suite, d'autres endroits serviront de cimetiére paroissial jusqu'à l'interdiction d'inhumer à l'intérieur des limites de la Haute-Ville de Québec et la bénédiction du cimetiére Notre-Darne-de-Belmont le 10 juillet 1859. Le propos de cette communication sera donc de présenter une synthése historique de l'évolution des différents lieux de sépulture relevant de la fabrique de Québec depuis le milieu du 17e siécle jusqu'au milieu du 19e siécle. 1'analyse se fera selon une trame chronologique et regroupera une série d'études de cas.

Defining unmarked burial areas through georadar surveys at Fort Temiscamingue National Historic - Pierre Drouin; Jean Pilon (2000)
Abstract not available.

A FISHING VILLAGE NEAR GASPé QUéBEC - Pierre Drouin (1991)
During the 1970's, excavations were conducted on the Penouile Peninsula, Forillon National Park. Remains of a French establishment dating from the 1713-1758 period were then discovered. Jean-François Blanchette reported on this site through papers in a Gaspésie magazine. Further testing during the 1988 summer season provided additional data concerning the hypotheses originally presented by Blanchette regarding supplies and communication between Forillon, the French colonies at Louisbourg and on the Saint Lawrence river, and France. This paper will deal with the result of this research.

Fur Trade archaeology at Fort Temiscamingue National Historic Site, Province of Quebec / L'archéologie du commerce des fourrures au lieu h - Pierre Drouin (1997)
Archaeological research made at Fort Temiscamingue in northwest Quebec between 1992 and 1995 have revealed traces of occupation of both Aboriginal and eurocanadian origins. While the fur trade activity dates back to the1700's and 1800's, the pre-contact Aboriginal occupation has been traced back to about 6000 years. Archaeological, historical and material culture studies associated with the fur trade establishment give clues to both Indian and fur traders life at this post which has been a regional center in the area.

Toward identifying First Nations and Inuit History Commemorative Sites in Province of Quebec: a Progress Report / Pour la création de lieux his - Pierre Drouin (1997)
Since 1993, Canadian federal government through Parks Canada program is doing consultations with First Nations and Inuit organizations and communities, in Quebec, in order to identify sites of national historical significance commemorating Aboriginal history. This paper is intended to present the project, its philosophy and the results that have been obtained to date.

Les Baleiners Basques à l'Île Nue de Mingan - Pierre Drouin (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1988)
Archaeological excavations conducted in 1986 by the Canadian Parks Service, Quebec region, at Ile Nue de Mingan on the Quebec North Shore (Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve) have revealed the remains of tryworks used to render oil from the fat of marine mammals. Artifacts found at the site and historical documents both suggest that these structures were built and used by Basques during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Archéologie et muséographie - Un cas type: Pointe-à-Calliére, musée d'archéologie et d'histoire de - Dufresne, Sylvie (1993)
La réalisation du musée d'archéologie et d'histoire de Montréal a été un moment fort où des archéologues, des historiens et des muséographes ont travaillé en étroite collaboration. Pointe-à-Calliére se démarque des autres musées d'archéologie par l'intégration active des archéologues au processus de mise en valeur. Leur contribution a été au-delà de la fouille et de l'analyse. Elle s'est prolongée dans une réflexion qui a mené à l'élaboration des concepts muséographiques. De la synergie des équipes d'archéologie, d'histoire et de muséographie est née une approche de mise en valeur unique qui rend compte de la spécificité archéologique du site archéologique. La conférence proposée met en perspective les problématiques sous-jacentes à la réalisation de l'exposition permanente. Comment s'est développé le concept muséographique? Quels liens ce concept entretient-il avec l'archéologie? Comment la muséographie rend-elle compte de l'archéologie dans la mise en communication des données historiques? Voilà quelques questions qui servent de base à la communication portant sur la mise en valeur réalisée à Pointe-à-Calliére.

Glacial Limits of Yukon Territory, Northwest Canada - DUK-RODKIN, A. (1999)
The Yukon Territory contains a complex record of multiple glaciations and ice sources dating from Pliocene to Late Pleistocene (Yakataga Formation,4.2- 4.7 Ma). The oldest glaciations are recorded only in southwest Yukon, and are correlative to those documented in southeast Alaska. These events ultimately relate to uplift of the coastal mountains beginning ca. 4 Ma and climatic cooling at about 10 Ma. Glaciation followed regional erosion and renewed uplift. The earliest glaciation of west-central Yukon occurred between 2.6 and 2.9 Ma, forming a continuous carapace of ice connecting all the mountain ranges except a small part of the Dawson Range,which remained free of ice. This first glaciation was also the most extensive to occur in the region, and resulted in the Yukon River being diverted northwest into Alaska by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. A series of glaciations extending from Mid Pliocene-Early Pleistocene have been documented in the stratigraphy of the Tintina Trench, north of Dawson. The limits of all of these glaciations have been mapped on the basis of glacial landforms and the distribution of erratics. Although morphological features of the older glaciations (Pliocene to Early Pleistocene) are generally not well preserved, there is relatively good control on the distribution of glacial erratics related to these events. Morphological evidence of glacial limits for the last two Cordilleran glaciations (Middle and Late Pleistocene) are well defined in most areas, with those of the Late Pleistocene having the sharpest features. Continental (Laurentide) ice only reached the Yukon ca. 30 ka BP, with associated features and limits also well defined. The Laurentide Ice Sheet occupied the eastern and northern slopes and foothills of the northern Cordillera as well as the Mackenzie Delta area, extending along the Yukon Coastal Plain to the vicinity of Herschel Island. Retreat from this ice limit integrated all the drainages of the eastern flanks of the northern Cordillera to form the Mackenzie River, the largest glacially-diverted river system in the world.

Heads of State: Icons, Power, and Politics in the Ancient and Modern Andes - Guy S. Duke (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)

Architecture du paysage et potentiel archéologique - Dumais, Pierre; Jean Poirier (1993)
Les auteurs décrivent une approche théorique et méthodologique en archéologie basée sur l'application de corpus tels que l'anthropologie, la géomorphologie structurale et la topologie. Une réflexion prospective est faite sur l'application possible de l'informatique à cette démarche.

Of Silt, Sand and Paleoindians at Squatec (ClEe-9): An Early Holocene Occupation in a Changing Landscape of Southeastern Quebec - Dumais, Pierre; Gilles Rousseau (2002)
The Squatec late Paleoindian site lies in a focal area of an extensive network of valleys connecting the Bay of Fundy to the St. Lawrence estuary. Its complex stratigraphy witnesses to a very dynamic physical and hydrologic environment in the early Holocene and to major natural events that can be traced as far as the upper St. John valley.

Recherches récentes sur la préhistoire du Témiscouata, Sud-Est du Québec - Dumais, Pierre; Jean Poirier; Gilles Rousseau (1993)
Cette communication présente les premiers résultats d'un projet de recherche entrepris en 1989 sur la préhistoire de la région du Témiscouata, dans le Sud-Est du Québec. Les objectifs de ce projet étaient de plusieurs ordres. Nous voulions premiérement définir de façon satisfaisante notre objet de recherche, effectuer un survol des connaissances sur la préhistoire régionale (Bas-Saint-Laurent, Nord de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, Maritimes), faire une révision critique des études prédictives en archéologie et, principalement, appliquer un nouveau cadre théorique et méthodologique à la problématique des relations entre la culture et l'espace. En aval de la recherche, des reconnaissances ponctuelles sur le terrain devaient être effectuées afin de vérifier certaines de nos hypothéses. La présente communication met principalement l'accent sur la démarche utilisée dans notre étude prédictive et fait part de la découverte d'un site préhistorique inédit datant vraisemblablement de la fin du Pleistocéne ou du début de l'Holocéne.

Architecture of the Landscape and Predictive Studies - Dumais, Pierre; Jean Poirier (1993)
The authors present a theoretical and methodological approach in archaeology based on the application of several corpuses of which anthropology, structural geomorphology and topology play a major role. Thought is given on the possible applications of GIS systems to this scheme.

An Examination of Prehistoric Copper Technology and Copper Sources in Western Arctic and Subarctic North America - Don E. Dumond (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

Archaeo-Magnetism and the Dating of a Plano Site From Rimouski, Québec - Dumont, Jean; Claude Chapdelaine; Steve Bourget (1992)
Discovered in 1990, a potentially old site located on a marine terrace of the Goldthwait Sea was the subject of a particular investigative approach because of its temporal placement within the cultural history of the region. Because the site was directly under a proposed section of Highway 20 behind Rimouski, a salvage operation, sponsored by the Ministére des Transports du Québec, was conducted in August and September 1991.This project involved a multi-disciplinary team composed of archaeologists, as well as a palynologist, pedologist, geomorphologist, geologist, and a physicist. Of the several objectives, the dating of the site was essential because of the lack of relevant dates for the Plano Tradition in Québec and in the Northeast. The archaeo-magnetism approach, undertaken prior to the beginning of the dig, was chosen to discover areas on the site that can be related to features like hearths. We will describe the experiment, the results and present some considerations about archaeo-magnetism for future research. Finally, a brief presentation of the archaeological findings will follow.

Le développement du faubourg Saint-Laurent à Montréal - Duquay, Françoise (1993)
L'exploitation agricole des zones extérieures à l'enceinte fortifiée de Ville-Marie a pris naissance dés le 17e siécle. Le faubourg Saint-Laurent s'est développé au cours du 18e siécle, dans le prolongement de la porte nord des fortifications, le long du chemin qui menait à la rive opposée de l'île de Montréal. D'abord caractérisés par des occupations résidentielles, certains secteurs abritérent ensuite des activités commerciales; la construction du marché Saint-Laurent, en 1829, en est un exemple. L'inventaire et la surveillance archéologiques effectués en 1992, au coin des boulevards Saint-Laurent et René-Lévesque, ont permis de documenter les deux derniéres époques l'utilisation du lieu. Ces travaux s'insérent dans le contexte de la revitalisation du quartier et de l'aménagement de la place de la Paix. Montréal's faubourgs came into being on the outskirts of the fortification walls that used to protect Ville-Marie. One of them, Saint-Laurent Faubourg, developed along the road going to the north shore of Montréal's island. It evolved from an agricultural. district (17th century) into residential occupations (18th century), soon adding a commercial element to it; Saint-Laurent Market, first built in 1829, is an example of this. The 1992 fieldwork, at the corner of Saint-Laurent and René-Lévesque, allowed us to gather informations on the two last stages. This project was included in the general renewal plan of that part of the city.

Archaeological Research in the Kame Hills Locality of Southern Indian Lake - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1983)

The Life and Work of W. B. Nickerson (1865–1926) Scientific Archaeology in Central North America - Mima Brown Kapches (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2017)

Sources of Chippable Petrified Peat and Wood along the South Saskatchewan River - Ian Dyck (1998)
Although not well-known as chippable stone types, petrified peat and petrified wood were once commonly used for this purpose in south central Saskatchewan, particularly along the South Saskatchewan River. At some sites as much as 75% of chipping debris is comprised of these materials. In 1997, an area containing several sites with high proportions of petrified peat and wood debris, near Outlook, Saskatchewan, was searched for possible sources. Since the whole region is covered with glacial drift, secondary sources are the only possibility. Occasional surface occurrences on upland and valley slopes turned out to be unlikely options because of extreme scarcity, general small size, and low quality of relevant materials. The most likely sources are fairly dense concentrations of moderate-size slabs and blocks of good quality material in two small river-edge localities. The geologic circumstances and processes which create this type of concentration are still only partly understood.

Ancient Cold Weather Adaptations in the Northern Great Plains - Ian Dyck (2001)
People have lived in the northern part of the Great Plains of North America since the end of the Pleistocene era. Throughout this long period of occupation, the region has been subject to seasonal extremes in climate. This paper surveys ethnohistorical and archaeological records for information about cultural adaptations to cold weather, specifically, adaptations in use before the arrival of Euro-American agriculturists. Important adaptations included: (1) tailored skin clothing; (2) portable tipi housing; (3) communal and individual hunting methods; (4) food storage by freezing, caching, drying, and the use of domestic animals as food; (5) transportation by snowshoes, toboggans and sleds; (6) seasonal distribution of occupation sites; (7) special kinds of winter recreation; and (8) reckoning of time by the passage of winters and the keeping of long-term histories known as winter counts. The survey shows that ethnohistoric records provide a vivid depiction of these adaptations during early historic times. Archaeological evidence reveals the great time depth for several of the practices, changes that occurred in some, and a means for resolution of ethnohistoric problems such as the distribution of cold weather sites.

Canadian Prairies Archaeology, 1886–1915: Reliance on External Interest and Expertise - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 2009)
After launching an ambitious program of mid-continental Canadian archaeology in the late 1870s, members of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba suddenly withdrew from field archaeology after 1886. Under political and financial stress, they turned their primary attention to local Euro-Canadian history. The group declined through the turn of the century, but George Bryce and Charles Bell tried to keep interest in Manitoba archaeology alive by appealing to external organizations to take up the work. A number of outsiders did briefly get involved, people and organizations such as T. H. Lewis and Warren Upham from Minnesota, Henry L. Reynolds from the Bureau of American Ethnology in Washington, Henry Montgomery from the University of Toronto Museum, and organizers for the Archaeological Institute of America. Although the results were mixed, most of these outsiders made improvements to the region’s archaeological record and its interpretation. The Manitoba Society’s final success, on the eve of its own demise, was in helping to create an anthropology division within the National Museum of Canada in 1910. Subsequently, the National Museum commenced archeology in Manitoba in 1912 under W. B. Nickerson. Nickerson might have solidified the groundwork for a regional archaeology, but his work was aborted in 1915 and, together with earlier attempts, was all but forgotten.

Earth as Archives: Archaeological Perspectives on Landscape Conservation / . La Terre, grand réservoir d'archives : l'archéolo - Ian Dyck (1997)
Human beings leave numerous traces of their activities on and in the earth. Such evidence and its context, form the basis for archaeological interpretations of human history. Archaeological resources are generally recognized as being legally within the public domain which means that the earth is a form of public archives. Unfortunately, with the rise of world-wide industrialized resource extraction, large portions of that archives have been severely disturbed or destroyed. Heritage conservationists have successfully argued for protection of archaeological resources at the artifact and site levels, but have had difficulty obtaining similar protection at the landscape level. Problems include definition, inventory, misperception of threats, misperception of age, conflicts in use and ownership, ineffective justifications, failure to make common cause, and a preservation irony. In spite of the problems there is a substantial body of experience upon which future archaeological landscape preservation can build.

Light from Ancient Campfires: Archaeological Evidence for Native Lifeways on the Northern Plains - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)

Solicited Dialogue on "A Never Ending Story" - Ian Dyck (Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie, 1994)